@phdthesis{Li_Diss_2025, title = {Informativity and linearization in reference production}, author = {Muqing Li}, url = {https://publikationen.sulb.uni-saarland.de/handle/20.500.11880/40721}, doi = {https://doi.org/20.500.11880/40721}, year = {2025}, date = {2025}, school = {Saarland University}, address = {Saarbruecken, Germany}, abstract = {In visually-situated referential communication tasks, speakers must select relevant visual properties and determine their linear order within a syntactic structure in order to encode a message that enables the listener to successfully identify the intended referent. While previous studies have primarily focused on the influence of informativity on property selection, especially overspecification, little is known about how informativity affects the linearization of property order, particularly when syntactic variation is involved. This thesis investigates whether and how the informativity of property words, as determined by visual-situated contexts and quantified via Referential Entropy Reduction, influences syntactic linearization. Five referential communication experiments investigate whether informativity modulates speakers' syntactic choice between pre-nominal and post-nominal modifications in German, when describing referents in visual scenes depicting animals performing actions. Additionally, the project explores the role of communication engagement by reinforcing perspective-taking and comparing web-based and face-to-face interaction settings. The results reveal two groups of speakers: *Group Consistent*, who are insensitive to informativity and adhere to a fixed syntactic structure, in line with a speaker-oriented, heuristic production approach; and *Group Varied*, who vary the use of syntactic structures to adjust property orders based on informativity, favouring an informative-first linearization strategy that facilitates target identification for listeners. The proportion of *Group Varied* speakers increases with communication engagement, particularly in the most engaging face-to-face interactions and when perspective-taking is reinforced. This thesis advances our understanding of referential production and communication efficiency. Examining informativity, a speaker-external, listener-oriented factor, provides a clearer distinction between the speaker-oriented and listener-oriented views of reference production, as reflected in the different linearization strategies adopted by the two speaker groups. The distribution of these two groups is mediated by perspective-taking and communication engagement. The informative-first linearization preference offers novel evidence for the role of communication efficiency and audience design in shaping syntactic choices during the early grammatical encoding phase of language production.