Publications

Meßmer, Julia

A functional perspective on schema-based learning and recognition of novel word associations PhD Thesis

Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany, 2024.

With the current research, we sought to develop a functional perspective on schema-based learning of novel word associations, i.e., novel compound words and their later recognition. In combining the idea that both, schema-based learning (e.g., Hebscher et al., 2019; van Kesteren et al., 2012) and unitization (e.g., Bader et al., 2014; Haskins et al., 2008; see Henke, 2010) might rely less on hippocampal contribution than traditional associative learning, we hypothesized that schema-congruency might support the formation of unitized representations that could then be recognized by means of an absolute familiarity process (Mecklinger & Bader, 2020). All three experiments presented include an incidental learning phase, in which novel compound words were learned together with a preceding definition that was either congruent or neutral (experimental manipulation of schema congruency). After a retention interval of about 10 minutes, a surprise memory test followed. In the test phase, participants were shown different types of compound words and instructed to classify each as intact, recombined, or new (Exp. 1), as old (intact) or new (recombined, similar lures; Exp. 3) or underwent an implicit lexical decision task (Exp. 2). Our results imply that three processes might underly schema-based learning. Semantic priming, indicated by an N400 attenuation effect in the schema-congruent condition, establishes schema congruency. Condition-independent semantic integration of the constituents is beneficial for memory formation, as indicated by an N400 subsequent memory effect (SME). Lastly, we found a larger parietal SME in the congruent than in the neutral condition. This might reflect the formation of a conceptual (unitized) representation under the influence of a congruent schema. Second, based on our results, schema-congruency might support the formation of unitized representations, indicated by schema-congruency being more beneficial for associative than item memory performance (see Parks & Yonelinas, 2015). The neurocognitive processes underling recognition of those compound words might include larger absolute familiarity contributing to associative recognition in the congruent than in a neutral control condition, indicated by an N400 attenuation effect. Based on data from our third experiment including semantically similar distractors during the recognition memory test, we concluded that the representations formed under the influence of a schema might be gist-like. Those might be created next to episodic associations that are probably also formed in traditional associative learning. Lastly, those unitized memory representations formed under the influence of a schema cannot only be accessed in an explicit memory test, but also affect performance in an implicit memory test.


Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine funktionelle Perspektive auf das schema-basierte Lernen neuer Wortassoziationen (Komposita) und deren späteres Wiedererkennen zu entwickeln. Dazu wurden zwei Forschungsideen zusammengeführt. Da sowohl schema-basiertes Lernen (z.B., Hebscher et al., 2019; van Kesteren et al., 2012) als auch Unitarisierung (z.B., Bader et al., 2014; Haskins et al., 2008; siehe auch Henke, 2010) weniger hippocampale Beteiligung aufweisen als traditionelles Assoziationslernen, formulierten wir die Hypothese, dass Schemakongruenz die Bildung unitarisierter Repräsentationen unterstützen könnte, die dann mittels eines absoluten Vertrautheitsprozesses wiedererkannt werden könnten (Mecklinger & Bader, 2020). Die drei Experimente, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellt sind, beinhalten alle eine inzidentelle Lernphase, in der neue Komposita zusammen mit einer kongruenten oder neutralen vorangehenden Definition gelernt wurden (experimentelle Manipulation von Schemakongruenz). Nach einem Retentionsintervall von etwa 10 Minuten folgte ein überraschender, nicht vorangekündigter Gedächtnistest. In dieser Testphase sahen die Teilnehmenden verschiedene Arten von Komposita und sollten diese als intakt, rekombiniert oder neu klassifizieren (Experiment 1), als alt (intakt) oder neu (rekombiniert, ähnliche Distraktoren; Experiment 3) oder bearbeiteten eine lexikalische Entscheidungsaufgabe (Experiment 2). Unsere Ergebnisse implizieren, dass drei Prozesse am schema-basiertem Lernen beteiligt sind. Semantisches Priming, angezeigt durch eine reduzierte N400 Amplitude in der schema-kongruenten Bedingungen, führt zu Schemakongruenz. Die bedingungsunabhängige semantische Integration der Wortbestandteile ist förderlich für die Gedächtnisbildung, indiziert durch einen N400 Subsequent Memory Effect (SME). Der dritte Prozess, die schemakongruenzgetriebene Bildung einer konzeptuellen (unitarisierten) Repräsentation wird angezeigt durch einen größeren parietalen SME in der kongruenten im Vergleich zur neutralen Bedingung. Basierend auf dem behavioralen Ergebnismuster, dass assoziatives Gedächtnis mehr von Schemakongruenz profitiert als Itemgedächtnis (siehe auch Parks & Yonelinas, 2015), könnte Schemakongruenz die Bildung von unitarisierten Repräsentationen fördern. Die neurokognitiven Prozesse, die dem Wiedererkennen solcher Komposita unterliegen, beinhalten wahrscheinlich einen höheren Anteil absoluter Vertrautheit in der kongruenten als in der neutralen Bedingung, indiziert durch einen entsprechenden reduzierten N400-Effekt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen des dritten Experiments, bei dem der Rekognitionstest semantisch ähnliche Distraktoren beinhaltete, schlussfolgerten wir, dass die Repräsentationen, die unter dem Einfluss eines Schemas gebildet werden, detailarm sind und lediglich die semantische Konzeptstruktur (gist) beinhalten. Diese Repräsentationen könnten parallel zu episodischen Assoziationen geformt werden, die wahrscheinlich beim traditionellen Assoziationslernen gebildet werden. Die unitarisierten Repräsentationen konnten hierbei nicht nur in einem expliziten Gedächtnistest verwendet werden, sondern auch die Performanz in einer impliziten Gedächtnisaufgabe beeinflussen.

@phdthesis{Meßmer_Diss,
title = {A functional perspective on schema-based learning and recognition of novel word associations},
author = {Julia Me{\ss}mer},
year = {2024},
date = {2024},
school = {Saarland University},
publisher = {Saarl{\"a}ndische Universit{\"a}ts- und Landesbibliothek},
address = {Saarbruecken, Germany},
abstract = {With the current research, we sought to develop a functional perspective on schema-based learning of novel word associations, i.e., novel compound words and their later recognition. In combining the idea that both, schema-based learning (e.g., Hebscher et al., 2019; van Kesteren et al., 2012) and unitization (e.g., Bader et al., 2014; Haskins et al., 2008; see Henke, 2010) might rely less on hippocampal contribution than traditional associative learning, we hypothesized that schema-congruency might support the formation of unitized representations that could then be recognized by means of an absolute familiarity process (Mecklinger & Bader, 2020). All three experiments presented include an incidental learning phase, in which novel compound words were learned together with a preceding definition that was either congruent or neutral (experimental manipulation of schema congruency). After a retention interval of about 10 minutes, a surprise memory test followed. In the test phase, participants were shown different types of compound words and instructed to classify each as intact, recombined, or new (Exp. 1), as old (intact) or new (recombined, similar lures; Exp. 3) or underwent an implicit lexical decision task (Exp. 2). Our results imply that three processes might underly schema-based learning. Semantic priming, indicated by an N400 attenuation effect in the schema-congruent condition, establishes schema congruency. Condition-independent semantic integration of the constituents is beneficial for memory formation, as indicated by an N400 subsequent memory effect (SME). Lastly, we found a larger parietal SME in the congruent than in the neutral condition. This might reflect the formation of a conceptual (unitized) representation under the influence of a congruent schema. Second, based on our results, schema-congruency might support the formation of unitized representations, indicated by schema-congruency being more beneficial for associative than item memory performance (see Parks & Yonelinas, 2015). The neurocognitive processes underling recognition of those compound words might include larger absolute familiarity contributing to associative recognition in the congruent than in a neutral control condition, indicated by an N400 attenuation effect. Based on data from our third experiment including semantically similar distractors during the recognition memory test, we concluded that the representations formed under the influence of a schema might be gist-like. Those might be created next to episodic associations that are probably also formed in traditional associative learning. Lastly, those unitized memory representations formed under the influence of a schema cannot only be accessed in an explicit memory test, but also affect performance in an implicit memory test.


Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine funktionelle Perspektive auf das schema-basierte Lernen neuer Wortassoziationen (Komposita) und deren sp{\"a}teres Wiedererkennen zu entwickeln. Dazu wurden zwei Forschungsideen zusammengef{\"u}hrt. Da sowohl schema-basiertes Lernen (z.B., Hebscher et al., 2019; van Kesteren et al., 2012) als auch Unitarisierung (z.B., Bader et al., 2014; Haskins et al., 2008; siehe auch Henke, 2010) weniger hippocampale Beteiligung aufweisen als traditionelles Assoziationslernen, formulierten wir die Hypothese, dass Schemakongruenz die Bildung unitarisierter Repr{\"a}sentationen unterst{\"u}tzen k{\"o}nnte, die dann mittels eines absoluten Vertrautheitsprozesses wiedererkannt werden k{\"o}nnten (Mecklinger & Bader, 2020). Die drei Experimente, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellt sind, beinhalten alle eine inzidentelle Lernphase, in der neue Komposita zusammen mit einer kongruenten oder neutralen vorangehenden Definition gelernt wurden (experimentelle Manipulation von Schemakongruenz). Nach einem Retentionsintervall von etwa 10 Minuten folgte ein {\"u}berraschender, nicht vorangek{\"u}ndigter Ged{\"a}chtnistest. In dieser Testphase sahen die Teilnehmenden verschiedene Arten von Komposita und sollten diese als intakt, rekombiniert oder neu klassifizieren (Experiment 1), als alt (intakt) oder neu (rekombiniert, {\"a}hnliche Distraktoren; Experiment 3) oder bearbeiteten eine lexikalische Entscheidungsaufgabe (Experiment 2). Unsere Ergebnisse implizieren, dass drei Prozesse am schema-basiertem Lernen beteiligt sind. Semantisches Priming, angezeigt durch eine reduzierte N400 Amplitude in der schema-kongruenten Bedingungen, f{\"u}hrt zu Schemakongruenz. Die bedingungsunabh{\"a}ngige semantische Integration der Wortbestandteile ist f{\"o}rderlich f{\"u}r die Ged{\"a}chtnisbildung, indiziert durch einen N400 Subsequent Memory Effect (SME). Der dritte Prozess, die schemakongruenzgetriebene Bildung einer konzeptuellen (unitarisierten) Repr{\"a}sentation wird angezeigt durch einen gr{\"o}{\ss}eren parietalen SME in der kongruenten im Vergleich zur neutralen Bedingung. Basierend auf dem behavioralen Ergebnismuster, dass assoziatives Ged{\"a}chtnis mehr von Schemakongruenz profitiert als Itemged{\"a}chtnis (siehe auch Parks & Yonelinas, 2015), k{\"o}nnte Schemakongruenz die Bildung von unitarisierten Repr{\"a}sentationen f{\"o}rdern. Die neurokognitiven Prozesse, die dem Wiedererkennen solcher Komposita unterliegen, beinhalten wahrscheinlich einen h{\"o}heren Anteil absoluter Vertrautheit in der kongruenten als in der neutralen Bedingung, indiziert durch einen entsprechenden reduzierten N400-Effekt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen des dritten Experiments, bei dem der Rekognitionstest semantisch {\"a}hnliche Distraktoren beinhaltete, schlussfolgerten wir, dass die Repr{\"a}sentationen, die unter dem Einfluss eines Schemas gebildet werden, detailarm sind und lediglich die semantische Konzeptstruktur (gist) beinhalten. Diese Repr{\"a}sentationen k{\"o}nnten parallel zu episodischen Assoziationen geformt werden, die wahrscheinlich beim traditionellen Assoziationslernen gebildet werden. Die unitarisierten Repr{\"a}sentationen konnten hierbei nicht nur in einem expliziten Ged{\"a}chtnistest verwendet werden, sondern auch die Performanz in einer impliziten Ged{\"a}chtnisaufgabe beeinflussen.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {phdthesis}
}

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Project:   A6

Meßmer, Julia; Bader, Regine; Mecklinger, Axel

Schema-congruency supports the formation of unitized representations: Evidence from event-related potentials Journal Article

Neuropsychologia, 194, pp. 108782, 2024, ISSN 0028-3932.

The main goal of the present study was to investigate whether schema-based encoding of novel word pairs (i.e., novel compound words) supports the formation of unitized representations and thus, associative familiarity-based recognition. We report two experiments that both comprise an incidental learning task, in which novel noun-noun compound words were presented in semantically congruent contexts, enabling schema-supported processing of both constituents, contrasted with a schema-neutral condition. In Experiment 1, the effects of schema congruency on memory performance were larger for associative memory performance than for item memory performance in a memory test in which intact, recombined, and new compound words had to be discriminated. This supports the view that schema congruency boosts associative memory by promoting unitization. When contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for hits with correct rejections or associative misses, an N400 attenuation effect (520–676 ms) indicating absolute familiarity was present in the congruent condition, but not in the neutral condition. In line with this, a direct comparison of ERPs on hits across conditions revealed more positive waveforms in the congruent than in the neutral condition. This suggests that absolute familiarity contributes to associative recognition memory when schema-supported processing is established. In Experiment 2, we tested whether schema congruency enables the formation of semantically overlapping representations. Therefore, we included semantically similar lure compound words in the test phase and compared false alarm rates to these lures across conditions. In line with our hypothesis, we found higher false alarm rates in the congruent as compared to the neutral condition. In conclusion, we provide converging evidence for the view that schema congruency enables the formation of unitized representations and supports familiarity-based memory retrieval.

    @article{MEMER2024108782,
    title = {Schema-congruency supports the formation of unitized representations: Evidence from event-related potentials},
    author = {Julia Me{\ss}mer and Regine Bader and Axel Mecklinger},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393223003160},
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108782},
    year = {2024},
    date = {2024},
    journal = {Neuropsychologia},
    pages = {108782},
    volume = {194},
    abstract = {The main goal of the present study was to investigate whether schema-based encoding of novel word pairs (i.e., novel compound words) supports the formation of unitized representations and thus, associative familiarity-based recognition. We report two experiments that both comprise an incidental learning task, in which novel noun-noun compound words were presented in semantically congruent contexts, enabling schema-supported processing of both constituents, contrasted with a schema-neutral condition. In Experiment 1, the effects of schema congruency on memory performance were larger for associative memory performance than for item memory performance in a memory test in which intact, recombined, and new compound words had to be discriminated. This supports the view that schema congruency boosts associative memory by promoting unitization. When contrasting event-related potentials (ERPs) for hits with correct rejections or associative misses, an N400 attenuation effect (520–676 ms) indicating absolute familiarity was present in the congruent condition, but not in the neutral condition. In line with this, a direct comparison of ERPs on hits across conditions revealed more positive waveforms in the congruent than in the neutral condition. This suggests that absolute familiarity contributes to associative recognition memory when schema-supported processing is established. In Experiment 2, we tested whether schema congruency enables the formation of semantically overlapping representations. Therefore, we included semantically similar lure compound words in the test phase and compared false alarm rates to these lures across conditions. In line with our hypothesis, we found higher false alarm rates in the congruent as compared to the neutral condition. In conclusion, we provide converging evidence for the view that schema congruency enables the formation of unitized representations and supports familiarity-based memory retrieval.

      },
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Mecklinger, Axel; Kamp, Siri-Maria

      Observing memory encoding while it unfolds: Functional interpretation and current debates regarding ERP subsequent memory effects Journal Article

      Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 153, 2023.

      Our ability to remember the past depends on neural processes set in train in the moment an event is experienced. These processes can be studied by segregating brain activity according to whether an event is later remembered or forgotten. The present review integrates a large number of studies examining this differential brain activity, labeled subsequent memory effect (SME), with the ERP technique, into a functional organization and discusses routes for further research. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest that memory encoding is implemented by multiple processes, typically reflected in three functionally different subcomponents of the ERP SME elicited by study stimuli, which presumably interact with preparatory SME activity preceding the to be encoded event. We argue that ERPs are a valuable method in the SME paradigm because they have a sufficiently high temporal resolution to disclose the subcomponents of encoding-related brain activity. Implications of the proposed functional organization for future studies using the SME procedure in basic and applied settings will be discussed.

      @article{Mecklinger-etal-2023,
      title = {Observing memory encoding while it unfolds: Functional interpretation and current debates regarding ERP subsequent memory effects},
      author = {Axel Mecklinger and Siri-Maria Kamp},
      url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763423003160},
      year = {2023},
      date = {2023},
      journal = {Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews},
      volume = {153},
      abstract = {

      Our ability to remember the past depends on neural processes set in train in the moment an event is experienced. These processes can be studied by segregating brain activity according to whether an event is later remembered or forgotten. The present review integrates a large number of studies examining this differential brain activity, labeled subsequent memory effect (SME), with the ERP technique, into a functional organization and discusses routes for further research. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest that memory encoding is implemented by multiple processes, typically reflected in three functionally different subcomponents of the ERP SME elicited by study stimuli, which presumably interact with preparatory SME activity preceding the to be encoded event. We argue that ERPs are a valuable method in the SME paradigm because they have a sufficiently high temporal resolution to disclose the subcomponents of encoding-related brain activity. Implications of the proposed functional organization for future studies using the SME procedure in basic and applied settings will be discussed.

      },
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Bader, Regine; Tarantini, Luca; Mecklinger, Axel

      Task context dissociates the FN400 and the N400 Journal Article

      Psychophysiology, 60, 2023.

      In event-related potential studies, familiarity-based recognition has been associated with the FN400, that is, more positive-going waveforms for old items than new items 300–500 ms post-stimulus onset, maximal at frontal electrodes. We tested the proposition that the FN400 reflects the attribution of unexpected processing fluency to familiarity. This implies that the FN400 is greater when fluency is less expected, that is, for less familiar stimuli. Moreover, the FN400 should be modulated by the goal of remembering and only elicited when fluency is correctly attributed to the past, that is, by correct old responses in recognition memory tests. In the absence of a retrieval task, enhanced fluency for repeated items should be associated with an N400 attenuation as no episodic attribution takes place. In an incidental study-test design with words of low and high life-time familiarity, participants made pleasantness judgments for half of the studied words. The other half re-appeared in a recognition test. Only in the latter task, participants had the goal of remembering. As both tasks included also new words, we could compare old/new effects under conditions in which both effects are driven by increased fluency for repeated words. We did not find the expected differences in the FN400 for low vs. high life-time familiarity items. However, as expected, we found a frontally distributed FN400 in the recognition test whereas the old/new effect in the pleasantness task resembled an N400 effect. This supports the view that the FN400 occurs when fluency is attributed to familiarity during a recognition decision.

      @article{Bader_etal_2023,
      title = {Task context dissociates the FN400 and the N400},
      author = {Regine Bader and Luca Tarantini and Axel Mecklinger},
      url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.14258},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14258},
      year = {2023},
      date = {2023},
      journal = {Psychophysiology},
      volume = {60},
      number = {7},
      abstract = {

      In event-related potential studies, familiarity-based recognition has been associated with the FN400, that is, more positive-going waveforms for old items than new items 300–500 ms post-stimulus onset, maximal at frontal electrodes. We tested the proposition that the FN400 reflects the attribution of unexpected processing fluency to familiarity. This implies that the FN400 is greater when fluency is less expected, that is, for less familiar stimuli. Moreover, the FN400 should be modulated by the goal of remembering and only elicited when fluency is correctly attributed to the past, that is, by correct old responses in recognition memory tests. In the absence of a retrieval task, enhanced fluency for repeated items should be associated with an N400 attenuation as no episodic attribution takes place. In an incidental study-test design with words of low and high life-time familiarity, participants made pleasantness judgments for half of the studied words. The other half re-appeared in a recognition test. Only in the latter task, participants had the goal of remembering. As both tasks included also new words, we could compare old/new effects under conditions in which both effects are driven by increased fluency for repeated words. We did not find the expected differences in the FN400 for low vs. high life-time familiarity items. However, as expected, we found a frontally distributed FN400 in the recognition test whereas the old/new effect in the pleasantness task resembled an N400 effect. This supports the view that the FN400 occurs when fluency is attributed to familiarity during a recognition decision.
      },
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Höltje, Gerrit; Mecklinger, Axel

      Benefits and costs of predictive processing: How sentential constraint and word expectedness affect memory formation Journal Article

      Brain Research, pp. 147942, 2022, ISSN 0006-8993.

      This study investigated how the strength of schema support provided by strongly (SC) and weakly constraining (WC) sentences affects the encoding of expected and unexpected words, and how this is reflected in event-related potentials (ERPs). In a surprise recognition memory test, words studied on the previous day were presented together with new words and lures that were expected but not presented in the study phase. ERPs recorded in the study phase were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten words. Better memory performance for expected over unexpected words was electrophysiologically supported by a parietal subsequent memory effect (SME) reflecting enhanced item-specific encoding of contextually expected words. SC sentences not only facilitated the semantic integration of sentence-ending words, as reflected in reduced N400 amplitudes, but also enabled the rapid successful encoding of these words into memory, which is evidenced by an SC > WC pattern in memory performance and correlations between pre- and post-stimulus SMEs for SC sentences. In contrast, words processed in WC sentence contexts necessitated sustained elaborative encoding processes as reflected in a late frontal slow wave SME. Expected but not presented words were associated with high rates of false positive memory decisions, indicating that these words remained in a state of high accessibility in memory even one day after the study phase. These mnemonic costs of predictive processing were more pronounced for expected words from SC sentences than from WC sentences and could reflect the lingering of strong semantic predictions which were associated with the pre-updating of sentence representations.

      @article{Höltje_and_2022,
      title = {Benefits and costs of predictive processing: How sentential constraint and word expectedness affect memory formation},
      author = {Gerrit H{\"o}ltje and Axel Mecklinger},
      url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899322001664},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147942},
      year = {2022},
      date = {2022},
      journal = {Brain Research},
      pages = {147942},
      number = {1788},
      abstract = {This study investigated how the strength of schema support provided by strongly (SC) and weakly constraining (WC) sentences affects the encoding of expected and unexpected words, and how this is reflected in event-related potentials (ERPs). In a surprise recognition memory test, words studied on the previous day were presented together with new words and lures that were expected but not presented in the study phase. ERPs recorded in the study phase were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten words. Better memory performance for expected over unexpected words was electrophysiologically supported by a parietal subsequent memory effect (SME) reflecting enhanced item-specific encoding of contextually expected words. SC sentences not only facilitated the semantic integration of sentence-ending words, as reflected in reduced N400 amplitudes, but also enabled the rapid successful encoding of these words into memory, which is evidenced by an SC > WC pattern in memory performance and correlations between pre- and post-stimulus SMEs for SC sentences. In contrast, words processed in WC sentence contexts necessitated sustained elaborative encoding processes as reflected in a late frontal slow wave SME. Expected but not presented words were associated with high rates of false positive memory decisions, indicating that these words remained in a state of high accessibility in memory even one day after the study phase. These mnemonic costs of predictive processing were more pronounced for expected words from SC sentences than from WC sentences and could reflect the lingering of strong semantic predictions which were associated with the pre-updating of sentence representations.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Meßmer, Julia; Bader, Regine; Mecklinger, Axel

      The more you know: Schema congruency supports associative encoding of novel compound words: Evidence from event-related potentials Journal Article

      Brain and Cognition, 155, pp. 105813, 2021.

      We aimed to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms of event congruency with prior (schema) knowledge for the learning of novel compound words. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during an incidental learning task, in which novel noun-noun compounds were presented in a semantically congruent context, enabling schema-supported processing, or in a neutral context. As expected, associative memory performance was better for compounds preceded by a congruent context. Although the N400 was attenuated in the congruent condition, subsequent memory effects (SMEs) in the N400 time interval did not differ across conditions, suggesting that the processes reflected in the N400 cannot account for the memory advantage in the congruent condition. However, a parietal SME was obtained for compounds preceded by a congruent context, only, which we interpret as reflecting the schema-supported formation of a conceptual compound representation. A late frontal SME was obtained in both conditions, presumably reflecting the more general inter-item associative encoding of compound constituents.

      @article{Messmer2021,
      title = {The more you know: Schema congruency supports associative encoding of novel compound words: Evidence from event-related potentials},
      author = {Julia Me{\ss}mer and Regine Bader and Axel Mecklinger},
      url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278262621001330},
      year = {2021},
      date = {2021},
      journal = {Brain and Cognition},
      pages = {105813},
      volume = {155},
      abstract = {We aimed to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms of event congruency with prior (schema) knowledge for the learning of novel compound words. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during an incidental learning task, in which novel noun-noun compounds were presented in a semantically congruent context, enabling schema-supported processing, or in a neutral context. As expected, associative memory performance was better for compounds preceded by a congruent context. Although the N400 was attenuated in the congruent condition, subsequent memory effects (SMEs) in the N400 time interval did not differ across conditions, suggesting that the processes reflected in the N400 cannot account for the memory advantage in the congruent condition. However, a parietal SME was obtained for compounds preceded by a congruent context, only, which we interpret as reflecting the schema-supported formation of a conceptual compound representation. A late frontal SME was obtained in both conditions, presumably reflecting the more general inter-item associative encoding of compound constituents.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Höltje, Gerrit; Mecklinger, Axel

      The Secret Life of (Dis-)Confirmed Predictions: Effects of Sentence Constraint and Word Expectedness on Episodic Memory Formation, and how they are Reflected in Event-Related Potentials Miscellaneous

      CNS 2020 Virtual meeting, Abstract Book, 2021.

      @miscellaneous{HoeltjeMecklinger2021,
      title = {The Secret Life of (Dis-)Confirmed Predictions: Effects of Sentence Constraint and Word Expectedness on Episodic Memory Formation, and how they are Reflected in Event-Related Potentials},
      author = {Gerrit H{\"o}ltje and Axel Mecklinger},
      year = {2021},
      date = {2021},
      booktitle = {CNS 2020 Virtual meeting, Abstract Book},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {miscellaneous}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Mecklinger, Axel; Bader, Regine

      From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering Journal Article

      Neuropsychologia, 146, pp. 107527, 2020.

      The goal of this article is to critically examine current claims and assumptions about the FN400, an event-related potential (ERP) component which has been related to familiarity memory though some uncertainty exists regarding the cognitive processes captured by the FN400. It is proposed that familiarity can be multiply determined and that an important distinction has to be made between a recent-exposure, relative familiarity mechanism indexed by the FN400 and an absolute/baseline familiarity mechanism being reflected by a coincidental but topographically distinct ERP effect. We suggest a broader conceptualization of the memory processes reflected by the FN400 and propose an unexpected fluency-attribution account of familiarity according to which familiarity results from a fast assessment of ongoing processing fluency relative to previous events or current expectations. The computations underlying fluency attribution may be closely related to those characterizing the relative familiarity mechanism underlying the FN400. We also argue that concerted activation of the perirhinal cortex (PrC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role for fluency attributions and the generation of the FN400.

      @article{MecklingerBader2020,
      title = {From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering},
      author = {Axel Mecklinger and Regine Bader},
      url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028393220302001},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527},
      year = {2020},
      date = {2020},
      journal = {Neuropsychologia},
      pages = {107527},
      volume = {146},
      abstract = {The goal of this article is to critically examine current claims and assumptions about the FN400, an event-related potential (ERP) component which has been related to familiarity memory though some uncertainty exists regarding the cognitive processes captured by the FN400. It is proposed that familiarity can be multiply determined and that an important distinction has to be made between a recent-exposure, relative familiarity mechanism indexed by the FN400 and an absolute/baseline familiarity mechanism being reflected by a coincidental but topographically distinct ERP effect. We suggest a broader conceptualization of the memory processes reflected by the FN400 and propose an unexpected fluency-attribution account of familiarity according to which familiarity results from a fast assessment of ongoing processing fluency relative to previous events or current expectations. The computations underlying fluency attribution may be closely related to those characterizing the relative familiarity mechanism underlying the FN400. We also argue that concerted activation of the perirhinal cortex (PrC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role for fluency attributions and the generation of the FN400.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Höltje, Gerrit; Mecklinger, Axel

      Feedback timing modulates interactions between reward learning and memory encoding: Evidence from event-related potentials Journal Article

      Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, pp. 250-264, 2020.

      Feedback-based learning relies on a procedural learning system driven by reward prediction errors (RPEs). The processing of temporally delayed feedback is supported by brain structures associated with declarative memory processes, but it is still unknown how delayed feedback processing and memory encoding interact. In this study, a subsequent memory paradigm was employed to investigate how the incidental encoding of feedback pictures presented with a short (SD, 500 ms) or long (LD, 6500 ms) delay in a probabilistic learning task affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of RPEs (i.e., the feedback-related negativity; FRN). In an ensuing test phase, a surprise recognition memory test for the feedback pictures was conducted. FRN amplitudes measured in the feedback-locked ERPs recorded during the learning phase (FRNpeak) and in the negative minus positive feedback difference wave (FRNdiff) were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten feedback pictures. Feedback processing as reflected in the FRNpeak was diminished for remembered LD feedback pictures, indicating that delayed feedback processing and memory encoding competed for similar neural processing resources. As evidenced by large FRNdiff amplitudes in the SD condition, the evaluation of shortly delayed feedback strongly relied on the procedural learning system. A complementary model-based single trial analysis was conducted to validate models of the functional significance of the FRN. Consistent with previous studies, feedback-locked N170 and P300 amplitudes were sensitive to feedback delay. In the test phase, memory for LD feedback pictures was better than for SD pictures and accompanied by a late old-new effect, presumably reflecting extended recollective processing.

      @article{hoeltje2020feedback,
      title = {Feedback timing modulates interactions between reward learning and memory encoding: Evidence from event-related potentials},
      author = {Gerrit H{\"o}ltje and Axel Mecklinger},
      url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31900874/},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-019-00765-5},
      year = {2020},
      date = {2020},
      journal = {Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience},
      pages = {250-264},
      volume = {20},
      number = {2},
      abstract = {Feedback-based learning relies on a procedural learning system driven by reward prediction errors (RPEs). The processing of temporally delayed feedback is supported by brain structures associated with declarative memory processes, but it is still unknown how delayed feedback processing and memory encoding interact. In this study, a subsequent memory paradigm was employed to investigate how the incidental encoding of feedback pictures presented with a short (SD, 500 ms) or long (LD, 6500 ms) delay in a probabilistic learning task affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of RPEs (i.e., the feedback-related negativity; FRN). In an ensuing test phase, a surprise recognition memory test for the feedback pictures was conducted. FRN amplitudes measured in the feedback-locked ERPs recorded during the learning phase (FRNpeak) and in the negative minus positive feedback difference wave (FRNdiff) were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten feedback pictures. Feedback processing as reflected in the FRNpeak was diminished for remembered LD feedback pictures, indicating that delayed feedback processing and memory encoding competed for similar neural processing resources. As evidenced by large FRNdiff amplitudes in the SD condition, the evaluation of shortly delayed feedback strongly relied on the procedural learning system. A complementary model-based single trial analysis was conducted to validate models of the functional significance of the FRN. Consistent with previous studies, feedback-locked N170 and P300 amplitudes were sensitive to feedback delay. In the test phase, memory for LD feedback pictures was better than for SD pictures and accompanied by a late old-new effect, presumably reflecting extended recollective processing.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

      Copy BibTeX to Clipboard

      Project:   A6

      Höltje, Gerrit

      Interactions between immediate and delayed feedback processing and memory encoding: an investigation using event-related potentials PhD Thesis

      Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany, 2020.

      Feedback-based learning relies on a procedural learning system mediated by dopaminergic reward prediction error (RPE) signals. Recent neuroimaging research indicates that the processing of temporally delayed feedback is supported by the hippocampus, a brain structure associated with declarative memory processes, but it is still unknown how delayed feedback processing and memory encoding interact. In this dissertation project, in a series of three experiments, a subsequent memory paradigm was employed to investigate how the incidental encoding of feedback pictures in a probabilistic learning task affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of RPEs in feedback processing, i.e., the feedback-related negativity (FRN), and how this interaction is modulated by feedback timing, valence, and explicit outcome expectations. In Experiment 1, task-unrelated scene pictures were presented together with performance feedback in the learning task. In an ensuing test phase, a surprise recognition memory test for the pictures was conducted. FRN amplitudes measured in the feedback-locked ERPs recorded during the learning phase (FRNpeak) and in the negative minus positive feedback difference wave (FRNdiff) were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten feedback pictures. Pictures were remembered better when presented together with positive than with negative feedback, and ERP amplitudes in the FRNdiff time window predicted subsequent memory only for positive feedback pictures. Consistent with previous studies, shortly delayed (SD, 500 ms) feedback elicited larger FRNdiff amplitudes than long delayed feedback (LD, 6500 ms), whereas the reverse pattern was found in FRNpeak amplitudes. As evidenced by behavioral estimates and ERP old/new effects, positive feedback enhanced memory by boosting familiarity-based recognition. However, feedback timing did not affect memory, presumably because participants did not need to process the scene pictures in order to learn from feedback. In Experiment 2, the picture category signaled the valence of the feedback. LD feedback pictures were associated with better memory and more recollective processing than shortly delayed ones. Feedback processing as reflected in the FRNpeak was attenuated for remembered as compared to forgotten LD feedback pictures. This suggests that when feedback was delayed, feedback processing and memory encoding competed for similar neural processing resources. As evidence by large FRNdiff amplitudes in the SD condition, the evaluation of shortly delayed feedback strongly relied on the procedural learning system. A complementary model-based single trial analysis was conducted to validate models of the functional significance of the FRN. Consistent with previous studies, feedback-locked N170 and P300 amplitudes were sensitive to feedback delay. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that the putative involvement of declarative learning processes in delayed feedback processing is mediated by the spontaneous generation of explicit outcome expectations during the feedback delay. A delayed feedback condition was compared with a Prediction condition in which participants were asked on each trial to predict the category of the upcoming feedback picture. Memory for the feedback pictures did not differ between the Prediction and Delay conditions. The FRNpeak subsequent memory effect obtained in Experiment 2 was replicated in both conditions, but more pronounced in the Prediction condition. As evidenced by ERP old/new effects, negative feedback pictures that disconfirmed explicit outcome expectations were associated with stronger recollective processing than those presented in the Delay condition. Positive feedback pictures elicited a recognition bias and increased familiarity signals in the memory test, which could reflect a generalization of reward value to pictures of the same category (indoor or outdoor scene). Taken together, the findings obtained in this dissertation show multiple ways by which feedback processing and memory encoding can interact, and how this interaction is shaped by feedback timing, valence, and explicit outcome expectations.


      Feedbackbasiertes Lernen beruht auf einem prozeduralen Lernsystem, das auf der neurobiologischen Ebene durch dopaminerge Belohnungsvorhersagefehlersignale vermittelt wird. Studien mit bildgebenden Verfahren weisen darauf hin, dass die Verarbeitung von zeitlich verzögertem Feedback durch den Hippocampus unterstützt wird, eine Hirnstruktur, die mit deklarativen Gedächtnisprozessen assoziiert ist. Es ist jedoch noch nicht bekannt, wie die Verarbeitung von verzögertem Feedback mit der Gedächtnisenkodierung interagiert. In diesem Dissertationsprojekt wurde in einer Serie von drei Experimenten die Methode der nachfolgenden Erinnerung verwendet, um zu untersuchen, wie die inzidentelle Enkodierung von Feedbackbildern in einer probabilistischen Lernaufgabe sich auf das im ereigniskorrelierten Potenzial (EKP) messbare Korrelat von Belohnungsvorhersagefehlern in der Feedbackverarbeitung, die Feedback-Negativierung (FRN), auswirkt und wie diese Interaktion durch zeitliche Charakteristika und Valenz des Feedbacks sowie durch explizite Ergebniserwartungen moduliert wird. Im ersten Experiment wurden Bilder von Innenräumen und Landschaften zusammen mit dem Feedback in der Lernaufgabe präsentiert, wobei die Bilder nicht relevant für die Aufgabe waren. In der darauf folgenden Testphase wurde ein unerwarteter Rekognitionstest für die Bilder durchgeführt. FRN-Amplituden wurden in den während der Feedbackpräsentation aufgezeichneten EKP gemessen (FRNpeak), sowie in der Differenzwelle, die durch die Subtraktion der durch positives Feedback erzeugten EKP von den durch negatives Feedback erzeugten EKP gebildet wurde (FRNdiff). Beide FRN-Maße wurden für später erinnerte und später vergessene Bilder verglichen. Bilder, die zusammen mit positivem Feedback gezeigt wurden, wurden besser erinnert als solche, die mit negativem Feedback gepaart wurden, und EKP-Amplituden im Zeitfenster der FRNdiff prädizierten spätere Erinnerung ausschließlich für Bilder, die zusammen mit positivem Feedback präsentiert wurden. Übereinstimmend mit früheren Studien erzeugte kurz verzögertes Feedback (500 ms) größere FRNdiff-Amplituden als lang verzögertes Feedback (6500 ms), wohingegen das umgekehrte Muster für FRNpeak-Amplituden gefunden wurde. Wie durch behaviorale Maße und EKP-Alt/Neu-Effekte belegt, stärkte die Verarbeitung von positivem Feedback vor allem das vertrautheitsbasierte Erinnern der zeitgleich präsentierten Bilder, jedoch wirkten sich die zeitlichen Parameter der Feedbackpräsentation nicht auf das Gedächtnis aus, vermutlich weil eine Verarbeitung der Bilder nicht notwendig war, um das Feedback zum Lernen zu nutzen. Im zweiten Experiment wurde daher die Bildkategorie (Innenraum oder Landschaft), mit der Valenz des Feedbacks verknüpft. Lang verzögerte Feedbackbilder waren mit besserer Erinnerung und stärkerer rekollektiver Verarbeitung assoziiert als solche, die mit kurzer Verzögerung präsentiert worden waren. Die Feedbackverarbeitung, gemessen als FRNpeak-Amplitude, war geringer für lang verzögerte Feedbackbilder, die anschließend erinnert wurden als für solche, die nicht erinnert wurden. Dies legt nahe, dass die Verarbeitung von zeitlich verzögertem Feedback und die Gedächtnisenkodierung auf ähnliche neuronale Verarbeitungskapazitäten zugreifen. Wie anhand von FRNdiff-Amplituden ersichtlich, beruhte die Evaluation von zeitlich kurz verzögertem Feedback in starkem Ausmaß auf dem prozeduralen Lernsystem. Eine ergänzende, modellbasierte Analyse auf der Ebene einzelner Lerndurchgänge wurde durchgeführt, um Modelle der funktionalen Bedeutsamkeit der FRN zu validieren. Übereinstimmend mit vorherigen Studien wurden durch die Feedbackverarbeitung hervorgerufene N170- und P300-Amplituden durch die zeitliche Verzögerung des Feedbacks moduliert. Das dritte Experiment überprüfte die Hypothese, dass die mutmaßliche Beteiligung von deklarativen Lernprozessen bei der Verarbeitung von verzögertem Feedback durch die spontane Entwicklung expliziter Ergebniserwartungen während der Feedbackverzögerung vermittelt wird. Eine Bedingung mit verzögertem Feedback wurde mit einer Vorhersage-Bedingung kontrastiert, in der die Probanden in jedem Lerndurchgang die Kategorie des Feedbackbildes prädizierten. Die Erinnerung an die Feedbackbilder unterschied sich nicht zwischen den beiden Bedingungen. Der Effekt der nachfolgenden Erinnerung in den FRNpeak-Amplituden, der in Experiment 2 gefunden wurde, wurde in beiden Bedingungen repliziert, war jedoch in der Vorhersage-Bedingung stärker ausgeprägt. Wie durch EKP-Alt/Neu-Effekte belegt, waren negative Feedbackbilder, die die explizite Erwartung eines positiven Ergebnisses verletzten, mit einer stärkeren rekollektiven Verarbeitung verknüpft. Positive Bilder waren im Gedächtnistest mit besonders vielen falsch positiven Gedächtnisurteilen assoziiert, was mit einer Generalisierung des Belohnungswertes zu Bildern der gleichen Kategorie zusammenhängen könnte. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass die Feedbackverarbeitung und die Gedächtnisenkodierung auf mehreren Wegen interagieren können. Die zeitlichen Charakteristika der Feedbackpräsentation, die Valenz des Feedbacks und explizite Ergebniserwartungen stellen wichtige Faktoren dar, die diese Interaktion beeinflussen.

      @phdthesis{Höltje_Diss_2020,
      title = {Interactions between immediate and delayed feedback processing and memory encoding: an investigation using event-related potentials},
      author = {Gerrit H{\"o}ltje},
      url = {https://publikationen.sulb.uni-saarland.de/handle/20.500.11880/30348},
      doi = {https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.22028/D291-32889},
      year = {2020},
      date = {2020},
      school = {Saarland University},
      address = {Saarbruecken, Germany},
      abstract = {Feedback-based learning relies on a procedural learning system mediated by dopaminergic reward prediction error (RPE) signals. Recent neuroimaging research indicates that the processing of temporally delayed feedback is supported by the hippocampus, a brain structure associated with declarative memory processes, but it is still unknown how delayed feedback processing and memory encoding interact. In this dissertation project, in a series of three experiments, a subsequent memory paradigm was employed to investigate how the incidental encoding of feedback pictures in a probabilistic learning task affects the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of RPEs in feedback processing, i.e., the feedback-related negativity (FRN), and how this interaction is modulated by feedback timing, valence, and explicit outcome expectations. In Experiment 1, task-unrelated scene pictures were presented together with performance feedback in the learning task. In an ensuing test phase, a surprise recognition memory test for the pictures was conducted. FRN amplitudes measured in the feedback-locked ERPs recorded during the learning phase (FRNpeak) and in the negative minus positive feedback difference wave (FRNdiff) were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten feedback pictures. Pictures were remembered better when presented together with positive than with negative feedback, and ERP amplitudes in the FRNdiff time window predicted subsequent memory only for positive feedback pictures. Consistent with previous studies, shortly delayed (SD, 500 ms) feedback elicited larger FRNdiff amplitudes than long delayed feedback (LD, 6500 ms), whereas the reverse pattern was found in FRNpeak amplitudes. As evidenced by behavioral estimates and ERP old/new effects, positive feedback enhanced memory by boosting familiarity-based recognition. However, feedback timing did not affect memory, presumably because participants did not need to process the scene pictures in order to learn from feedback. In Experiment 2, the picture category signaled the valence of the feedback. LD feedback pictures were associated with better memory and more recollective processing than shortly delayed ones. Feedback processing as reflected in the FRNpeak was attenuated for remembered as compared to forgotten LD feedback pictures. This suggests that when feedback was delayed, feedback processing and memory encoding competed for similar neural processing resources. As evidence by large FRNdiff amplitudes in the SD condition, the evaluation of shortly delayed feedback strongly relied on the procedural learning system. A complementary model-based single trial analysis was conducted to validate models of the functional significance of the FRN. Consistent with previous studies, feedback-locked N170 and P300 amplitudes were sensitive to feedback delay. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that the putative involvement of declarative learning processes in delayed feedback processing is mediated by the spontaneous generation of explicit outcome expectations during the feedback delay. A delayed feedback condition was compared with a Prediction condition in which participants were asked on each trial to predict the category of the upcoming feedback picture. Memory for the feedback pictures did not differ between the Prediction and Delay conditions. The FRNpeak subsequent memory effect obtained in Experiment 2 was replicated in both conditions, but more pronounced in the Prediction condition. As evidenced by ERP old/new effects, negative feedback pictures that disconfirmed explicit outcome expectations were associated with stronger recollective processing than those presented in the Delay condition. Positive feedback pictures elicited a recognition bias and increased familiarity signals in the memory test, which could reflect a generalization of reward value to pictures of the same category (indoor or outdoor scene). Taken together, the findings obtained in this dissertation show multiple ways by which feedback processing and memory encoding can interact, and how this interaction is shaped by feedback timing, valence, and explicit outcome expectations.


      Feedbackbasiertes Lernen beruht auf einem prozeduralen Lernsystem, das auf der neurobiologischen Ebene durch dopaminerge Belohnungsvorhersagefehlersignale vermittelt wird. Studien mit bildgebenden Verfahren weisen darauf hin, dass die Verarbeitung von zeitlich verz{\"o}gertem Feedback durch den Hippocampus unterst{\"u}tzt wird, eine Hirnstruktur, die mit deklarativen Ged{\"a}chtnisprozessen assoziiert ist. Es ist jedoch noch nicht bekannt, wie die Verarbeitung von verz{\"o}gertem Feedback mit der Ged{\"a}chtnisenkodierung interagiert. In diesem Dissertationsprojekt wurde in einer Serie von drei Experimenten die Methode der nachfolgenden Erinnerung verwendet, um zu untersuchen, wie die inzidentelle Enkodierung von Feedbackbildern in einer probabilistischen Lernaufgabe sich auf das im ereigniskorrelierten Potenzial (EKP) messbare Korrelat von Belohnungsvorhersagefehlern in der Feedbackverarbeitung, die Feedback-Negativierung (FRN), auswirkt und wie diese Interaktion durch zeitliche Charakteristika und Valenz des Feedbacks sowie durch explizite Ergebniserwartungen moduliert wird. Im ersten Experiment wurden Bilder von Innenr{\"a}umen und Landschaften zusammen mit dem Feedback in der Lernaufgabe pr{\"a}sentiert, wobei die Bilder nicht relevant f{\"u}r die Aufgabe waren. In der darauf folgenden Testphase wurde ein unerwarteter Rekognitionstest f{\"u}r die Bilder durchgef{\"u}hrt. FRN-Amplituden wurden in den w{\"a}hrend der Feedbackpr{\"a}sentation aufgezeichneten EKP gemessen (FRNpeak), sowie in der Differenzwelle, die durch die Subtraktion der durch positives Feedback erzeugten EKP von den durch negatives Feedback erzeugten EKP gebildet wurde (FRNdiff). Beide FRN-Ma{\ss}e wurden f{\"u}r sp{\"a}ter erinnerte und sp{\"a}ter vergessene Bilder verglichen. Bilder, die zusammen mit positivem Feedback gezeigt wurden, wurden besser erinnert als solche, die mit negativem Feedback gepaart wurden, und EKP-Amplituden im Zeitfenster der FRNdiff pr{\"a}dizierten sp{\"a}tere Erinnerung ausschlie{\ss}lich f{\"u}r Bilder, die zusammen mit positivem Feedback pr{\"a}sentiert wurden. {\"U}bereinstimmend mit fr{\"u}heren Studien erzeugte kurz verz{\"o}gertes Feedback (500 ms) gr{\"o}{\ss}ere FRNdiff-Amplituden als lang verz{\"o}gertes Feedback (6500 ms), wohingegen das umgekehrte Muster f{\"u}r FRNpeak-Amplituden gefunden wurde. Wie durch behaviorale Ma{\ss}e und EKP-Alt/Neu-Effekte belegt, st{\"a}rkte die Verarbeitung von positivem Feedback vor allem das vertrautheitsbasierte Erinnern der zeitgleich pr{\"a}sentierten Bilder, jedoch wirkten sich die zeitlichen Parameter der Feedbackpr{\"a}sentation nicht auf das Ged{\"a}chtnis aus, vermutlich weil eine Verarbeitung der Bilder nicht notwendig war, um das Feedback zum Lernen zu nutzen. Im zweiten Experiment wurde daher die Bildkategorie (Innenraum oder Landschaft), mit der Valenz des Feedbacks verkn{\"u}pft. Lang verz{\"o}gerte Feedbackbilder waren mit besserer Erinnerung und st{\"a}rkerer rekollektiver Verarbeitung assoziiert als solche, die mit kurzer Verz{\"o}gerung pr{\"a}sentiert worden waren. Die Feedbackverarbeitung, gemessen als FRNpeak-Amplitude, war geringer f{\"u}r lang verz{\"o}gerte Feedbackbilder, die anschlie{\ss}end erinnert wurden als f{\"u}r solche, die nicht erinnert wurden. Dies legt nahe, dass die Verarbeitung von zeitlich verz{\"o}gertem Feedback und die Ged{\"a}chtnisenkodierung auf {\"a}hnliche neuronale Verarbeitungskapazit{\"a}ten zugreifen. Wie anhand von FRNdiff-Amplituden ersichtlich, beruhte die Evaluation von zeitlich kurz verz{\"o}gertem Feedback in starkem Ausma{\ss} auf dem prozeduralen Lernsystem. Eine erg{\"a}nzende, modellbasierte Analyse auf der Ebene einzelner Lerndurchg{\"a}nge wurde durchgef{\"u}hrt, um Modelle der funktionalen Bedeutsamkeit der FRN zu validieren. {\"U}bereinstimmend mit vorherigen Studien wurden durch die Feedbackverarbeitung hervorgerufene N170- und P300-Amplituden durch die zeitliche Verz{\"o}gerung des Feedbacks moduliert. Das dritte Experiment {\"u}berpr{\"u}fte die Hypothese, dass die mutma{\ss}liche Beteiligung von deklarativen Lernprozessen bei der Verarbeitung von verz{\"o}gertem Feedback durch die spontane Entwicklung expliziter Ergebniserwartungen w{\"a}hrend der Feedbackverz{\"o}gerung vermittelt wird. Eine Bedingung mit verz{\"o}gertem Feedback wurde mit einer Vorhersage-Bedingung kontrastiert, in der die Probanden in jedem Lerndurchgang die Kategorie des Feedbackbildes pr{\"a}dizierten. Die Erinnerung an die Feedbackbilder unterschied sich nicht zwischen den beiden Bedingungen. Der Effekt der nachfolgenden Erinnerung in den FRNpeak-Amplituden, der in Experiment 2 gefunden wurde, wurde in beiden Bedingungen repliziert, war jedoch in der Vorhersage-Bedingung st{\"a}rker ausgepr{\"a}gt. Wie durch EKP-Alt/Neu-Effekte belegt, waren negative Feedbackbilder, die die explizite Erwartung eines positiven Ergebnisses verletzten, mit einer st{\"a}rkeren rekollektiven Verarbeitung verkn{\"u}pft. Positive Bilder waren im Ged{\"a}chtnistest mit besonders vielen falsch positiven Ged{\"a}chtnisurteilen assoziiert, was mit einer Generalisierung des Belohnungswertes zu Bildern der gleichen Kategorie zusammenh{\"a}ngen k{\"o}nnte. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass die Feedbackverarbeitung und die Ged{\"a}chtnisenkodierung auf mehreren Wegen interagieren k{\"o}nnen. Die zeitlichen Charakteristika der Feedbackpr{\"a}sentation, die Valenz des Feedbacks und explizite Ergebniserwartungen stellen wichtige Faktoren dar, die diese Interaktion beeinflussen.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {phdthesis}
      }

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      Project:   A6

      Mecklinger, Axel; Höltje, Gerrit; Ranker, Lika; Eschmann, Kathrin

      Unexpected but plausible: The consequences of disconfirmed predictions for episodic memory formation Miscellaneous

      CNS 2020 Virtual meeting, Abstract Book, pp. 53 (B79), 2020.

      @miscellaneous{Mecklinger_etal2020,
      title = {Unexpected but plausible: The consequences of disconfirmed predictions for episodic memory formation},
      author = {Axel Mecklinger and Gerrit H{\"o}ltje and Lika Ranker and Kathrin Eschmann},
      year = {2020},
      date = {2020},
      booktitle = {CNS 2020 Virtual meeting, Abstract Book},
      pages = {53 (B79)},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {miscellaneous}
      }

      Copy BibTeX to Clipboard

      Project:   A6

      Höltje, Gerrit; Lubahn, Bente; Mecklinger, Axel

      The congruent, the incongruent, and the unexpected: Event-related potentials unveil the processes involved in schematic encoding Journal Article

      Neuropsychologia, 131, pp. 285-293, 2019.

      Learning is most effective when new information can be related to a preexisting knowledge structure or schema. In the present study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of the processes by which activated schemata support the encoding of schema-congruent information. Participants learned category exemplar words that were either semantically congruent or incongruent with a preceding category cue phrase. Congruent words were composed of expected (high typicality, HT) and unexpected (low typicality, LT) category exemplars. On the next day, recognition memory for the exemplars and the category cues they were presented with was tested. Semantically related lures were used in order to ascertain that memory judgements were based on episodic memory for specific category exemplars. Generally, congruent (HT and LT) exemplars were remembered better than incongruent exemplars. ERPs recorded during the encoding of the exemplar words were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten items. Subsequent memory effects (SME) emerged in the N400 time window at frontal electrodes and did not differ between congruent and incongruent exemplars. In the same epoch, an SME with a parietal distribution was specific for congruent exemplars, suggesting that activated schemata strengthened memory for congruent exemplars by supporting the encoding of item-specific details. Subsequently remembered LT exemplars were associated with a late frontal positivity that is assumed to reflect expectancy mismatch-related processing such as the contextual integration of an unexpected word by the suppression of strongly expected words. A correlation analysis revealed that the greater the involvement of the processes reflected by the frontal positivity, the lower the level of false positive memory responses in the test phase one day later. These results suggest that the contextual integration of schema-congruent but unexpected events involves a weakening of the representations of semantically related, but unstudied items in memory and by this benefits subsequent memory.

      @article{Höltje2019,
      title = {The congruent, the incongruent, and the unexpected: Event-related potentials unveil the processes involved in schematic encoding},
      author = {Gerrit H{\"o}ltje and Bente Lubahn and Axel Mecklinger},
      url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393219301228?via%3Dihub},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.013},
      year = {2019},
      date = {2019},
      journal = {Neuropsychologia},
      pages = {285-293},
      volume = {131},
      abstract = {Learning is most effective when new information can be related to a preexisting knowledge structure or schema. In the present study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of the processes by which activated schemata support the encoding of schema-congruent information. Participants learned category exemplar words that were either semantically congruent or incongruent with a preceding category cue phrase. Congruent words were composed of expected (high typicality, HT) and unexpected (low typicality, LT) category exemplars. On the next day, recognition memory for the exemplars and the category cues they were presented with was tested. Semantically related lures were used in order to ascertain that memory judgements were based on episodic memory for specific category exemplars. Generally, congruent (HT and LT) exemplars were remembered better than incongruent exemplars. ERPs recorded during the encoding of the exemplar words were compared for subsequently remembered and forgotten items. Subsequent memory effects (SME) emerged in the N400 time window at frontal electrodes and did not differ between congruent and incongruent exemplars. In the same epoch, an SME with a parietal distribution was specific for congruent exemplars, suggesting that activated schemata strengthened memory for congruent exemplars by supporting the encoding of item-specific details. Subsequently remembered LT exemplars were associated with a late frontal positivity that is assumed to reflect expectancy mismatch-related processing such as the contextual integration of an unexpected word by the suppression of strongly expected words. A correlation analysis revealed that the greater the involvement of the processes reflected by the frontal positivity, the lower the level of false positive memory responses in the test phase one day later. These results suggest that the contextual integration of schema-congruent but unexpected events involves a weakening of the representations of semantically related, but unstudied items in memory and by this benefits subsequent memory.},
      pubstate = {published},
      type = {article}
      }

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      Project:   A6

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