Publications

SFB 1102Publications
Voigtmann, Sophia; Speyer, Augustin

Where to place a phrase? Journal Article

Journal of Historical Syntax, 7, Proceedings of the 22nd Diachronic Generative Syntax (DiGS) Conference, 2023.
In the following paper, we aim to cast light on the placement of prepositional phrases (PPs) in the so-called postfield, the position behind the right sentence bracket. Our focus is on the period of early New High German from 1650 to 1900. In a first step, extraposition will be correlated with Information Density (’ID’, Shannon 1948). ID is defined as “amount of information per unit comprising the utterance” (Levy & Jaeger 2007: 1). It can be calculated as surprisal. The higher the surprisal values the higher the impact on working memory and the more likely perceiving di?iculties become (e.g. Hale 2001). We expect PP with such high surprisal values to be more likely to be placed in the postfield where more memory capacities are available than in the middle field. We test this hypothesis on a corpus of scientific articles and monographs dealing with medicine and theology and taken from the Deutsches Textarchiv (DTA, BBAW 2019). We only find evidence for the hypothesis in the timespan from 1650 to 1700 and for the rare case that attributive PPs are placed in the postfield. Since this has already been shown for attributive relative clauses (Voigtmann & Speyer 2021), we want to take this up and argue for a similar generative analysis for attributive PP and relative clauses in a second step.

@article{voigtmann_speyer_2023,
title = {Where to place a phrase?},
author = {Sophia Voigtmann and Augustin Speyer},
url = {https://doi.org/10.18148/HS/2023.V7I6-19.151},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
journal = {Journal of Historical Syntax},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 22nd Diachronic Generative Syntax (DiGS) Conference},
volume = {7},
number = {6-19},
abstract = {

In the following paper, we aim to cast light on the placement of prepositional phrases (PPs) in the so-called postfield, the position behind the right sentence bracket. Our focus is on the period of early New High German from 1650 to 1900. In a first step, extraposition will be correlated with Information Density (’ID’, Shannon 1948). ID is defined as “amount of information per unit comprising the utterance” (Levy & Jaeger 2007: 1). It can be calculated as surprisal. The higher the surprisal values the higher the impact on working memory and the more likely perceiving di?iculties become (e.g. Hale 2001). We expect PP with such high surprisal values to be more likely to be placed in the postfield where more memory capacities are available than in the middle field. We test this hypothesis on a corpus of scientific articles and monographs dealing with medicine and theology and taken from the Deutsches Textarchiv (DTA, BBAW 2019). We only find evidence for the hypothesis in the timespan from 1650 to 1700 and for the rare case that attributive PPs are placed in the postfield. Since this has already been shown for attributive relative clauses (Voigtmann & Speyer 2021), we want to take this up and argue for a similar generative analysis for attributive PP and relative clauses in a second step.
},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Project:   C6

Kunilovskaya, Maria; Przybyl, Heike; Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina; Teich, Elke

Simultaneous Interpreting as a Noisy Channel: How Much Information Gets Through Inproceedings

Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria, pp. 608–618, Varna, Bulgaria, 2023.

We explore the relationship between information density/surprisal of source and target texts in translation and interpreting in the language pair English-German, looking at the specific properties of translation (“translationese”). Our data comes from two bidirectional English-German subcorpora representing written and spoken mediation modes collected from European Parliament proceedings. Within each language, we (a) compare original speeches to their translated or interpreted counterparts, and (b) explore the association between segment-aligned sources and targets in each translation direction. As additional variables, we consider source delivery mode (read-out, impromptu) and source speech rate in interpreting. We use language modelling to measure the information rendered by words in a segment and to characterise the cross-lingual transfer of information under various conditions. Our approach is based on statistical analyses of surprisal values, extracted from ngram models of our dataset. The analysis reveals that while there is a considerable positive correlation between the average surprisal of source and target segments in both modes, information output in interpreting is lower than in translation, given the same amount of input. Significantly lower information density in spoken mediated production compared to nonmediated speech in the same language can indicate a possible simplification effect in interpreting.

@inproceedings{kunilovskaya-etal-2023,
title = {Simultaneous Interpreting as a Noisy Channel: How Much Information Gets Through},
author = {Maria Kunilovskaya and Heike Przybyl and Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski and Elke Teich},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.ranlp-1.66/},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing},
pages = {608–618},
publisher = {INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria},
address = {Varna, Bulgaria},
abstract = {We explore the relationship between information density/surprisal of source and target texts in translation and interpreting in the language pair English-German, looking at the specific properties of translation (“translationese”). Our data comes from two bidirectional English-German subcorpora representing written and spoken mediation modes collected from European Parliament proceedings. Within each language, we (a) compare original speeches to their translated or interpreted counterparts, and (b) explore the association between segment-aligned sources and targets in each translation direction. As additional variables, we consider source delivery mode (read-out, impromptu) and source speech rate in interpreting. We use language modelling to measure the information rendered by words in a segment and to characterise the cross-lingual transfer of information under various conditions. Our approach is based on statistical analyses of surprisal values, extracted from ngram models of our dataset. The analysis reveals that while there is a considerable positive correlation between the average surprisal of source and target segments in both modes, information output in interpreting is lower than in translation, given the same amount of input. Significantly lower information density in spoken mediated production compared to nonmediated speech in the same language can indicate a possible simplification effect in interpreting.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   B7

Yung, Frances Pik Yu; Scholman, Merel; Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina; Pollkläsener, Christina; Demberg, Vera

Investigating Explicitation of Discourse Connectives in Translation Using Automatic Annotations Inproceedings

Stoyanchev, Svetlana; Joty, Shafiq; Schlangen, David; Dusek, Ondrej; Kennington, Casey; Alikhani, Malihe (Ed.): Proceedings of the 24th Meeting of Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDAIL), Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 21-30, Prague, Czechia, 2023.

Discourse relations have different patterns of marking across different languages. As a result, discourse connectives are often added, omitted, or rephrased in translation. Prior work has shown a tendency for explicitation of discourse connectives, but such work was conducted using restricted sample sizes due to difficulty of connective identification and alignment. The current study exploits automatic methods to facilitate a large-scale study of connectives in English and German parallel texts. Our results based on over 300 types and 18000 instances of aligned connectives and an empirical approach to compare the cross-lingual specificity gap provide strong evidence of the Explicitation Hypothesis. We conclude that discourse relations are indeed more explicit in translation than texts written originally in the same language. Automatic annotations allow us to carry out translation studies of discourse relations on a large scale. Our methodology using relative entropy to study the specificity of connectives also provides more fine-grained insights into translation patterns.

@inproceedings{yung-etal-2023-investigating,
title = {Investigating Explicitation of Discourse Connectives in Translation Using Automatic Annotations},
author = {Frances Pik Yu Yung and Merel Scholman and Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski and Christina Pollkl{\"a}sener and Vera Demberg},
editor = {Svetlana Stoyanchev and Shafiq Joty and David Schlangen and Ondrej Dusek and Casey Kennington and Malihe Alikhani},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.sigdial-1.2},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.sigdial-1.2},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Meeting of Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDAIL)},
pages = {21-30},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Prague, Czechia},
abstract = {Discourse relations have different patterns of marking across different languages. As a result, discourse connectives are often added, omitted, or rephrased in translation. Prior work has shown a tendency for explicitation of discourse connectives, but such work was conducted using restricted sample sizes due to difficulty of connective identification and alignment. The current study exploits automatic methods to facilitate a large-scale study of connectives in English and German parallel texts. Our results based on over 300 types and 18000 instances of aligned connectives and an empirical approach to compare the cross-lingual specificity gap provide strong evidence of the Explicitation Hypothesis. We conclude that discourse relations are indeed more explicit in translation than texts written originally in the same language. Automatic annotations allow us to carry out translation studies of discourse relations on a large scale. Our methodology using relative entropy to study the specificity of connectives also provides more fine-grained insights into translation patterns.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Projects:   B2 B7

Ryzhova, Margarita; Demberg, Vera

Processing cost effects of atypicality inferences in a dual-task setup Journal Article

Journal of Pragmatics, 211, pp. 47-80, 2023.

Whether pragmatic inferences are cognitively more effortful than processing literal language has been a longstanding question in pragmatics. So far, experimental studies have exclusively tested generalized (scalar) implicatures. Current theories would predict that particularized implicatures should be cognitively effortful – however, this prediction has to date not been tested empirically. The present article contributes to the debate by investigating a specific type of particularized implicature, atypicality inferences, in a dual-task paradigm. In three experiments, we used either a non-linguistic (Experiment 1) or a linguistic (Experiments 2 and 3) secondary task, to modulate the amount of available cognitive resources. Our results show that the strength of pragmatic inferences is largely unaffected by the secondary task, which contrasts with prior predictions. We discuss the implications for traditional and modern accounts of pragmatic processing.

@article{ryzhova-demberg-2023,
title = {Processing cost effects of atypicality inferences in a dual-task setup},
author = {Margarita Ryzhova and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037821662300098X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.04.005},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
journal = {Journal of Pragmatics},
pages = {47-80},
volume = {211},
abstract = {

Whether pragmatic inferences are cognitively more effortful than processing literal language has been a longstanding question in pragmatics. So far, experimental studies have exclusively tested generalized (scalar) implicatures. Current theories would predict that particularized implicatures should be cognitively effortful – however, this prediction has to date not been tested empirically. The present article contributes to the debate by investigating a specific type of particularized implicature, atypicality inferences, in a dual-task paradigm. In three experiments, we used either a non-linguistic (Experiment 1) or a linguistic (Experiments 2 and 3) secondary task, to modulate the amount of available cognitive resources. Our results show that the strength of pragmatic inferences is largely unaffected by the secondary task, which contrasts with prior predictions. We discuss the implications for traditional and modern accounts of pragmatic processing.

},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Project:   A3

Borah, Angana; Pylypenko, Daria; España-Bonet, Cristina; van Genabith, Josef

Measuring Spurious Correlation in Classification: "Clever Hans" in Translationese Inproceedings

Mitkov, Ruslan; Angelova, Galia (Ed.): Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria, pp. 196-206, Varna, Bulgaria, 2023.
Recent work has shown evidence of „Clever Hans“ behavior in high-performance neural translationese classifiers, where BERT-based classifiers capitalize on spurious correlations, in particular topic information, between data and target classification labels, rather than genuine translationese signals. Translationese signals are subtle (especially for professional translation) and compete with many other signals in the data such as genre, style, author, and, in particular, topic. This raises the general question of how much of the performance of a classifier is really due to spurious correlations in the data versus the signals actually targeted for by the classifier, especially for subtle target signals and in challenging (low resource) data settings. We focus on topic-based spurious correlation and approach the question from two directions: (i) where we have no knowledge about spurious topic information and its distribution in the data, (ii) where we have some indication about the nature of spurious topic correlations. For (i) we develop a measure from first principles capturing alignment of unsupervised topics with target classification labels as an indication of spurious topic information in the data. We show that our measure is the same as purity in clustering and propose a „topic floor“ (as in a „noise floor“) for classification. For (ii) we investigate masking of known spurious topic carriers in classification. Both (i) and (ii) contribute to quantifying and (ii) to mitigating spurious correlations.

@inproceedings{borah-etal-2023-measuring,
title = {Measuring Spurious Correlation in Classification: "Clever Hans" in Translationese},
author = {Angana Borah and Daria Pylypenko and Cristina Espa{\~n}a-Bonet and Josef van Genabith},
editor = {Ruslan Mitkov and Galia Angelova},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.ranlp-1.22},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing},
pages = {196-206},
publisher = {INCOMA Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria},
address = {Varna, Bulgaria},
abstract = {

Recent work has shown evidence of "Clever Hans" behavior in high-performance neural translationese classifiers, where BERT-based classifiers capitalize on spurious correlations, in particular topic information, between data and target classification labels, rather than genuine translationese signals. Translationese signals are subtle (especially for professional translation) and compete with many other signals in the data such as genre, style, author, and, in particular, topic. This raises the general question of how much of the performance of a classifier is really due to spurious correlations in the data versus the signals actually targeted for by the classifier, especially for subtle target signals and in challenging (low resource) data settings. We focus on topic-based spurious correlation and approach the question from two directions: (i) where we have no knowledge about spurious topic information and its distribution in the data, (ii) where we have some indication about the nature of spurious topic correlations. For (i) we develop a measure from first principles capturing alignment of unsupervised topics with target classification labels as an indication of spurious topic information in the data. We show that our measure is the same as purity in clustering and propose a "topic floor" (as in a "noise floor") for classification. For (ii) we investigate masking of known spurious topic carriers in classification. Both (i) and (ii) contribute to quantifying and (ii) to mitigating spurious correlations.
},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   B6

Zhu, Dawei; Shen, Xiaoyu; Mosbach, Marius; Stephan, Andreas; Klakow, Dietrich

Weaker Than You Think: A Critical Look at Weakly Supervised Learning Inproceedings

Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 14229-14253, Toronto, Canada, 2023.

Weakly supervised learning is a popular approach for training machine learning models in low-resource settings. Instead of requesting high-quality yet costly human annotations, it allows training models with noisy annotations obtained from various weak sources. Recently, many sophisticated approaches have been proposed for robust training under label noise, reporting impressive results. In this paper, we revisit the setup of these approaches and find that the benefits brought by these approaches are significantly overestimated. Specifically, we find that the success of existing weakly supervised learning approaches heavily relies on the availability of clean validation samples which, as we show, can be leveraged much more efficiently by simply training on them. After using these clean labels in training, the advantages of using these sophisticated approaches are mostly wiped out. This remains true even when reducing the size of the available clean data to just five samples per class, making these approaches impractical. To understand the true value of weakly supervised learning, we thoroughly analyze diverse NLP datasets and tasks to ascertain when and why weakly supervised approaches work. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for future research.

@inproceedings{zhu-etal-2023-weaker,
title = {Weaker Than You Think: A Critical Look at Weakly Supervised Learning},
author = {Dawei Zhu and Xiaoyu Shen and Marius Mosbach and Andreas Stephan and Dietrich Klakow},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.796},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.796},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-21},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
pages = {14229-14253},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Toronto, Canada},
abstract = {Weakly supervised learning is a popular approach for training machine learning models in low-resource settings. Instead of requesting high-quality yet costly human annotations, it allows training models with noisy annotations obtained from various weak sources. Recently, many sophisticated approaches have been proposed for robust training under label noise, reporting impressive results. In this paper, we revisit the setup of these approaches and find that the benefits brought by these approaches are significantly overestimated. Specifically, we find that the success of existing weakly supervised learning approaches heavily relies on the availability of clean validation samples which, as we show, can be leveraged much more efficiently by simply training on them. After using these clean labels in training, the advantages of using these sophisticated approaches are mostly wiped out. This remains true even when reducing the size of the available clean data to just five samples per class, making these approaches impractical. To understand the true value of weakly supervised learning, we thoroughly analyze diverse NLP datasets and tasks to ascertain when and why weakly supervised approaches work. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for future research.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   B4

Mosbach, Marius; Pimentel, Tiago; Ravfogel, Shauli; Klakow, Dietrich; Elazar, Yanai

Few-shot Fine-tuning vs. In-context Learning: A Fair Comparison and Evaluation Inproceedings

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 12284-12314, Toronto, Canada, 2023.

Few-shot fine-tuning and in-context learning are two alternative strategies for task adaptation of pre-trained language models. Recently, in-context learning has gained popularity over fine-tuning due to its simplicity and improved out-of-domain generalization, and because extensive evidence shows that fine-tuned models pick up on spurious correlations.Unfortunately, previous comparisons of the two approaches were done using models of different sizes. This raises the question of whether the observed weaker out-of-domain generalization of fine-tuned models is an inherent property of fine-tuning or a limitation of the experimental setup. In this paper, we compare the generalization of few-shot fine-tuning and in-context learning to challenge datasets, while controlling for the models used, the number of examples, and the number of parameters, ranging from 125M to 30B. Our results show that fine-tuned language models can in fact generalize well out-of-domain. We find that both approaches generalize similarly; they exhibit large variation and depend on properties such as model size and the number of examples, highlighting that robust task adaptation remains a challenge.

@inproceedings{mosbach-etal-2023-shot,
title = {Few-shot Fine-tuning vs. In-context Learning: A Fair Comparison and Evaluation},
author = {Marius Mosbach and Tiago Pimentel and Shauli Ravfogel and Dietrich Klakow and Yanai Elazar},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.779},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.779},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023},
pages = {12284-12314},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Toronto, Canada},
abstract = {Few-shot fine-tuning and in-context learning are two alternative strategies for task adaptation of pre-trained language models. Recently, in-context learning has gained popularity over fine-tuning due to its simplicity and improved out-of-domain generalization, and because extensive evidence shows that fine-tuned models pick up on spurious correlations.Unfortunately, previous comparisons of the two approaches were done using models of different sizes. This raises the question of whether the observed weaker out-of-domain generalization of fine-tuned models is an inherent property of fine-tuning or a limitation of the experimental setup. In this paper, we compare the generalization of few-shot fine-tuning and in-context learning to challenge datasets, while controlling for the models used, the number of examples, and the number of parameters, ranging from 125M to 30B. Our results show that fine-tuned language models can in fact generalize well out-of-domain. We find that both approaches generalize similarly; they exhibit large variation and depend on properties such as model size and the number of examples, highlighting that robust task adaptation remains a challenge.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   B4

Ryzhova, Margarita; Skrjanec, Iza; Quach, Nina; Chase, Alice Virginia ; Ellsiepen, Emilia; Demberg, Vera

Word Familiarity Classification From a Single Trial Based on Eye-Movements. A Study in German and English Inproceedings

ETRA '23: Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 2023.

Identifying processing difficulty during reading due to unfamiliar words has promising applications in automatic text adaptation. We present a classification model that predicts whether a word is (un)known to the reader based on eye-movement measures. We examine German and English data and validate our model on unseen subjects and items achieving a high accuracy in both languages.

@inproceedings{ryzhova-etal-2023,
title = {Word Familiarity Classification From a Single Trial Based on Eye-Movements. A Study in German and English},
author = {Margarita Ryzhova and Iza Skrjanec and Nina Quach and Alice Virginia Chase and Emilia Ellsiepen and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3588015.3590118},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3588015.3590118},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {ETRA '23: Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications},
abstract = {

Identifying processing difficulty during reading due to unfamiliar words has promising applications in automatic text adaptation. We present a classification model that predicts whether a word is (un)known to the reader based on eye-movement measures. We examine German and English data and validate our model on unseen subjects and items achieving a high accuracy in both languages.
},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   A8

Skrjanec, Iza; Broy, Frederik Yannick; Demberg, Vera

Expert-adapted language models improve the fit to reading times Inproceedings

Procedia Computer Science, PsyArXiv, 2023.

The concept of surprisal refers to the predictability of a word based on its context. Surprisal is known to be predictive of human processing difficulty and is usually estimated by language models. However, because humans differ in their linguistic experience, they also differ in the actual processing difficulty they experience with a given word or sentence. We investigate whether models that are similar to the linguistic experience and background knowledge of a specific group of humans are better at predicting their reading times than a generic language model. We analyze reading times from the PoTeC corpus (Jäger et al. 2021) of eye movements from biology and physics experts reading biology and physics texts. We find experts read in-domain texts faster than novices, especially domain-specific terms. Next, we train language models adapted to the biology and physics domains and show that surprisal obtained from these specialized models improves the fit to expert reading times above and beyond a generic language model.

 

@inproceedings{skrjanec_broy_demberg_2023,
title = {Expert-adapted language models improve the fit to reading times},
author = {Iza Skrjanec and Frederik Yannick Broy and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://psyarxiv.com/dc8y6},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dc8y6},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Procedia Computer Science},
publisher = {PsyArXiv},
abstract = {

The concept of surprisal refers to the predictability of a word based on its context. Surprisal is known to be predictive of human processing difficulty and is usually estimated by language models. However, because humans differ in their linguistic experience, they also differ in the actual processing difficulty they experience with a given word or sentence. We investigate whether models that are similar to the linguistic experience and background knowledge of a specific group of humans are better at predicting their reading times than a generic language model. We analyze reading times from the PoTeC corpus (J{\"a}ger et al. 2021) of eye movements from biology and physics experts reading biology and physics texts. We find experts read in-domain texts faster than novices, especially domain-specific terms. Next, we train language models adapted to the biology and physics domains and show that surprisal obtained from these specialized models improves the fit to expert reading times above and beyond a generic language model.

},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   A8

Mecklinger, Axel; Kamp, Siri-Maria

Observing memory encoding while it unfolds: Functional interpretation and current debates regarding ERP subsequent memory effects Journal Article

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 153, 2023.

Our ability to remember the past depends on neural processes set in train in the moment an event is experienced. These processes can be studied by segregating brain activity according to whether an event is later remembered or forgotten. The present review integrates a large number of studies examining this differential brain activity, labeled subsequent memory effect (SME), with the ERP technique, into a functional organization and discusses routes for further research. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest that memory encoding is implemented by multiple processes, typically reflected in three functionally different subcomponents of the ERP SME elicited by study stimuli, which presumably interact with preparatory SME activity preceding the to be encoded event. We argue that ERPs are a valuable method in the SME paradigm because they have a sufficiently high temporal resolution to disclose the subcomponents of encoding-related brain activity. Implications of the proposed functional organization for future studies using the SME procedure in basic and applied settings will be discussed.

@article{Mecklinger-etal-2023,
title = {Observing memory encoding while it unfolds: Functional interpretation and current debates regarding ERP subsequent memory effects},
author = {Axel Mecklinger and Siri-Maria Kamp},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763423003160},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
journal = {Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews},
volume = {153},
abstract = {

Our ability to remember the past depends on neural processes set in train in the moment an event is experienced. These processes can be studied by segregating brain activity according to whether an event is later remembered or forgotten. The present review integrates a large number of studies examining this differential brain activity, labeled subsequent memory effect (SME), with the ERP technique, into a functional organization and discusses routes for further research. Based on the reviewed literature, we suggest that memory encoding is implemented by multiple processes, typically reflected in three functionally different subcomponents of the ERP SME elicited by study stimuli, which presumably interact with preparatory SME activity preceding the to be encoded event. We argue that ERPs are a valuable method in the SME paradigm because they have a sufficiently high temporal resolution to disclose the subcomponents of encoding-related brain activity. Implications of the proposed functional organization for future studies using the SME procedure in basic and applied settings will be discussed.

},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Project:   A6

Bader, Regine; Tarantini, Luca; Mecklinger, Axel

Task context dissociates the FN400 and the N400 Journal Article

Psychophysiology, 60, 2023.

In event-related potential studies, familiarity-based recognition has been associated with the FN400, that is, more positive-going waveforms for old items than new items 300–500 ms post-stimulus onset, maximal at frontal electrodes. We tested the proposition that the FN400 reflects the attribution of unexpected processing fluency to familiarity. This implies that the FN400 is greater when fluency is less expected, that is, for less familiar stimuli. Moreover, the FN400 should be modulated by the goal of remembering and only elicited when fluency is correctly attributed to the past, that is, by correct old responses in recognition memory tests. In the absence of a retrieval task, enhanced fluency for repeated items should be associated with an N400 attenuation as no episodic attribution takes place. In an incidental study-test design with words of low and high life-time familiarity, participants made pleasantness judgments for half of the studied words. The other half re-appeared in a recognition test. Only in the latter task, participants had the goal of remembering. As both tasks included also new words, we could compare old/new effects under conditions in which both effects are driven by increased fluency for repeated words. We did not find the expected differences in the FN400 for low vs. high life-time familiarity items. However, as expected, we found a frontally distributed FN400 in the recognition test whereas the old/new effect in the pleasantness task resembled an N400 effect. This supports the view that the FN400 occurs when fluency is attributed to familiarity during a recognition decision.

@article{Bader_etal_2023,
title = {Task context dissociates the FN400 and the N400},
author = {Regine Bader and Luca Tarantini and Axel Mecklinger},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/psyp.14258},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14258},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
volume = {60},
number = {7},
abstract = {

In event-related potential studies, familiarity-based recognition has been associated with the FN400, that is, more positive-going waveforms for old items than new items 300–500 ms post-stimulus onset, maximal at frontal electrodes. We tested the proposition that the FN400 reflects the attribution of unexpected processing fluency to familiarity. This implies that the FN400 is greater when fluency is less expected, that is, for less familiar stimuli. Moreover, the FN400 should be modulated by the goal of remembering and only elicited when fluency is correctly attributed to the past, that is, by correct old responses in recognition memory tests. In the absence of a retrieval task, enhanced fluency for repeated items should be associated with an N400 attenuation as no episodic attribution takes place. In an incidental study-test design with words of low and high life-time familiarity, participants made pleasantness judgments for half of the studied words. The other half re-appeared in a recognition test. Only in the latter task, participants had the goal of remembering. As both tasks included also new words, we could compare old/new effects under conditions in which both effects are driven by increased fluency for repeated words. We did not find the expected differences in the FN400 for low vs. high life-time familiarity items. However, as expected, we found a frontally distributed FN400 in the recognition test whereas the old/new effect in the pleasantness task resembled an N400 effect. This supports the view that the FN400 occurs when fluency is attributed to familiarity during a recognition decision.
},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Project:   A6

Li, Muqing; Venhuizen, Noortje; Jachmann, Torsten; Drenhaus, Heiner; Crocker, Matthew W.

Does informativity modulate linearization preferences in reference production?  Inproceedings

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 45, pp. 3028-3054, 2023.

During referential communication, speaker choices regarding the syntactic encoding of their expressions can modulate the linear ordering of the properties necessary to identify the referent. We investigated whether such syntactic choices are influenced by the informativity of these properties in a given visual context, as quantified by Referential Entropy Reduction (RER). In two experiments, a maze-based sentence completion task was used to examine whether informativity of a particular property (animal or action) influenced the decision to produce pre- versus post-nominal modifications when describing animal-performing-action referents in a visual scene. While many participants used a fixed strategy, informativity did significantly influence linearization for the remaining participants, consistent with a maximal informativity strategy in which the high RER property is be encoded first. This suggests that speakers who vary their encodings are indeed sensitive to the informativity of properties in a visual scene, preferring syntactic linearization in which informative properties appear early.

@inproceedings{Muqing-etal-2023,
title = {Does informativity modulate linearization preferences in reference production? },
author = {Muqing Li and Noortje Venhuizen and Torsten Jachmann and Heiner Drenhaus and Matthew W. Crocker},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95v6j0sx},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society},
pages = {3028-3054},
abstract = {During referential communication, speaker choices regarding the syntactic encoding of their expressions can modulate the linear ordering of the properties necessary to identify the referent. We investigated whether such syntactic choices are influenced by the informativity of these properties in a given visual context, as quantified by Referential Entropy Reduction (RER). In two experiments, a maze-based sentence completion task was used to examine whether informativity of a particular property (animal or action) influenced the decision to produce pre- versus post-nominal modifications when describing animal-performing-action referents in a visual scene. While many participants used a fixed strategy, informativity did significantly influence linearization for the remaining participants, consistent with a maximal informativity strategy in which the high RER property is be encoded first. This suggests that speakers who vary their encodings are indeed sensitive to the informativity of properties in a visual scene, preferring syntactic linearization in which informative properties appear early.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C3

Zaitova, Iuliia; Stenger, Irina; Avgustinova, Tania

Microsyntactic Unit Detection Using Word Embedding Models: Experiments on Slavic Languages Inproceedings

Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2023), pp. 1251-1259, 2023.

@inproceedings{Zaitova/etal:2023a,
title = {Microsyntactic Unit Detection Using Word Embedding Models: Experiments on Slavic Languages},
author = {Iuliia Zaitova and Irina Stenger and Tania Avgustinova},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2023)},
pages = {1251-1259},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C4

Gessinger, Iona; Cohn, Michelle; Cowan, Benjamin R.; Zellou, Georgia; Möbius, Bernd

Cross-linguistic emotion perception in human and TTS voices Inproceedings

Proceedings of Interspeech 2023, pp. 5222-5226, Dublin, Ireland, 2023.

This study investigates how German listeners perceive changes in the emotional expression of German and American English human voices and Amazon Alexa text-to-speech (TTS) voices, respectively. Participants rated sentences containing emotionally neutral lexico-semantic information that were resynthesized to vary in prosodic emotional expressiveness. Starting from an emotionally neutral production, three levels of increasing ‚happiness‘ were created. Results show that ‚happiness‘ manipulations lead to higher ratings of emotional valence (i.e., more positive) and arousal (i.e., more excited) for German and English voices, with stronger effects for the German voices. In particular, changes in valence were perceived more prominently in German TTS compared to English TTS. Additionally, both TTS voices were rated lower than the respective human voices on scales that reflect anthropomorphism (e.g., human-likeness). We discuss these findings in the context of cross-linguistic emotion accounts.

@inproceedings{Gessinger/etal:2023,
title = {Cross-linguistic emotion perception in human and TTS voices},
author = {Iona Gessinger and Michelle Cohn and Benjamin R. Cowan and Georgia Zellou and Bernd M{\"o}bius},
url = {https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech_2023/gessinger23_interspeech.html},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2023-711},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Interspeech 2023},
pages = {5222-5226},
address = {Dublin, Ireland},
abstract = {This study investigates how German listeners perceive changes in the emotional expression of German and American English human voices and Amazon Alexa text-to-speech (TTS) voices, respectively. Participants rated sentences containing emotionally neutral lexico-semantic information that were resynthesized to vary in prosodic emotional expressiveness. Starting from an emotionally neutral production, three levels of increasing 'happiness' were created. Results show that 'happiness' manipulations lead to higher ratings of emotional valence (i.e., more positive) and arousal (i.e., more excited) for German and English voices, with stronger effects for the German voices. In particular, changes in valence were perceived more prominently in German TTS compared to English TTS. Additionally, both TTS voices were rated lower than the respective human voices on scales that reflect anthropomorphism (e.g., human-likeness). We discuss these findings in the context of cross-linguistic emotion accounts.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C1

Kudera, Jacek; Stenger, Irina; Georgis, Philip; Möbius, Bernd; Avgustinova, Tania; Klakow, Dietrich

Cross-linguistic intelligibility of idiomatic phrases in Polish-Russian translation tasks Incollection

Phraseology, constructions and translation: Corpus-based, computational and cultural aspects, Presses universitaires de Louvain, pp. 237-249, 2023.

This paper presents the results of a translation task involving idiomatic phrases in closely related languages. The goal is to test auditory comprehension of idioms. The experiment was conducted with native speakers of either Polish or Russian, who were not professional translators. The translation equivalents were categorized according to three conditions: (1) semantic equivalent, found in a phraseological dictionary; (2) lemma-based referent, sharing a cognate component; and (3) literal translation of the source phrase. It is hypothesized that information-theoretic measures of surprisal in combination with lexical and syntactic distances between idioms can predict lay translators’ preferences. The results suggest that the proposed measures are valid predictors for the type of translation native speakers will select. The outcomes reveal an asymmetry in preference for equivalent selection across the groups of lay translators.

@incollection{Kudera/etal:2023a,
title = {Cross-linguistic intelligibility of idiomatic phrases in Polish-Russian translation tasks},
author = {Jacek Kudera and Irina Stenger and Philip Georgis and Bernd M{\"o}bius and Tania Avgustinova and Dietrich Klakow},
url = {https://pul.uclouvain.be/book/?GCOI=29303100163350&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=newreleases#h2tabFormats},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Phraseology, constructions and translation: Corpus-based, computational and cultural aspects},
pages = {237-249},
publisher = {Presses universitaires de Louvain},
abstract = {This paper presents the results of a translation task involving idiomatic phrases in closely related languages. The goal is to test auditory comprehension of idioms. The experiment was conducted with native speakers of either Polish or Russian, who were not professional translators. The translation equivalents were categorized according to three conditions: (1) semantic equivalent, found in a phraseological dictionary; (2) lemma-based referent, sharing a cognate component; and (3) literal translation of the source phrase. It is hypothesized that information-theoretic measures of surprisal in combination with lexical and syntactic distances between idioms can predict lay translators’ preferences. The results suggest that the proposed measures are valid predictors for the type of translation native speakers will select. The outcomes reveal an asymmetry in preference for equivalent selection across the groups of lay translators.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {incollection}
}

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Project:   C4

Abdullah, Badr M.; Shaik, Mohammed Maqsood ; Möbius, Bernd; Klakow, Dietrich

An information-theoretic analysis of self-supervised discrete representations of speech Inproceedings

Proceedings of Interspeech 2023, pp. 2883-2887, Dublin, Ireland, 2023.

Self-supervised representation learning for speech often involves a quantization step that transforms the acoustic input into discrete units. However, it remains unclear how to characterize the relationship between these discrete units and abstract phonetic categories such as phonemes. In this paper, we develop an information-theoretic framework whereby we represent each phonetic category as a distribution over discrete units. We then apply our framework to two different self-supervised models (namely wav2vec 2.0 and XLSR) and use American English speech as a case study. Our study demonstrates that the entropy of phonetic distributions reflects the variability of the underlying speech sounds, with phonetically similar sounds exhibiting similar distributions. While our study confirms the lack of direct, one-to-one correspondence, we find an intriguing, indirect relationship between phonetic categories and discrete units.

@inproceedings{Abdullah/etal:2023a,
title = {An information-theoretic analysis of self-supervised discrete representations of speech},
author = {Badr M. Abdullah and Mohammed Maqsood Shaik and Bernd M{\"o}bius and Dietrich Klakow},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2023--2131},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Interspeech 2023},
pages = {2883-2887},
address = {Dublin, Ireland},
abstract = {Self-supervised representation learning for speech often involves a quantization step that transforms the acoustic input into discrete units. However, it remains unclear how to characterize the relationship between these discrete units and abstract phonetic categories such as phonemes. In this paper, we develop an information-theoretic framework whereby we represent each phonetic category as a distribution over discrete units. We then apply our framework to two different self-supervised models (namely wav2vec 2.0 and XLSR) and use American English speech as a case study. Our study demonstrates that the entropy of phonetic distributions reflects the variability of the underlying speech sounds, with phonetically similar sounds exhibiting similar distributions. While our study confirms the lack of direct, one-to-one correspondence, we find an intriguing, indirect relationship between phonetic categories and discrete units.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C4

Yuen, Ivan; Ibrahim, Omnia; Andreeva, Bistra; Möbius, Bernd

Non-uniform cue-trading: differential effects of surprisal on pause usage and pause duration in German Inproceedings

Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, ICPhS 2023 (Prague, Czech Rep.), pp. 619-623, 2023.

Pause occurrence is conditional on contextual (un)predictability (in terms of surprisal) [10, 11], and so is the acoustic implementation of duration at multiple linguistic levels. Although these cues (i.e., pause usage/pause duration and syllable duration) are subject to the influence of the same factor, it is not clear how they are related to one another. A recent study in [1] using pause duration to define prosodic boundary strength reported a more pronounced surprisal effect on syllable duration, hinting at a trading relationship. The current study aimed to directly test for trading relationships among pause usage, pause duration and syllable duration in different surprisal contexts, analysing German radio news in the DIRNDL corpus. No trading relationship was observed between pause usage and surprisal, or between pause usage and syllable duration. However, a trading relationship was found between the durations of a pause and a syllable for accented items.

@inproceedings{Yuen/etal:2023a,
title = {Non-uniform cue-trading: differential effects of surprisal on pause usage and pause duration in German},
author = {Ivan Yuen and Omnia Ibrahim and Bistra Andreeva and Bernd M{\"o}bius},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, ICPhS 2023 (Prague, Czech Rep.)},
pages = {619-623},
abstract = {Pause occurrence is conditional on contextual (un)predictability (in terms of surprisal) [10, 11], and so is the acoustic implementation of duration at multiple linguistic levels. Although these cues (i.e., pause usage/pause duration and syllable duration) are subject to the influence of the same factor, it is not clear how they are related to one another. A recent study in [1] using pause duration to define prosodic boundary strength reported a more pronounced surprisal effect on syllable duration, hinting at a trading relationship. The current study aimed to directly test for trading relationships among pause usage, pause duration and syllable duration in different surprisal contexts, analysing German radio news in the DIRNDL corpus. No trading relationship was observed between pause usage and surprisal, or between pause usage and syllable duration. However, a trading relationship was found between the durations of a pause and a syllable for accented items.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C1

Abdullah, Badr M.; Shaik, Mohammed Maqsood ; Klakow, Dietrich

On the Nature of Discrete Speech Representations in Multilingual Self-supervised Models Inproceedings

Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Research in Computational Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 159-161, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2023.

Self-supervision has emerged as an effective paradigm for learning representations of spoken language from raw audio without explicit labels or transcriptions. Self-supervised speech models, such as wav2vec 2.0 (Baevski et al., 2020) and HuBERT (Hsu et al., 2021), have shown significant promise in improving the performance across different speech processing tasks. One of the main advantages of self-supervised speech models is that they can be pre-trained on a large sample of languages (Conneau et al., 2020; Babu et al.,2022), which facilitates cross-lingual transfer for low-resource languages (San et al., 2021). State-of-the-art self-supervised speech models include a quantization module that transforms the continuous acoustic input into a sequence of discrete units. One of the key questions in this area is whether the discrete representations learned via self-supervision are language-specific or language-universal. In other words, we ask: do the discrete units learned by a multilingual speech model represent the same speech sounds across languages or do they differ based on the specific language being spoken? From the practical perspective, this question has important implications for the development of speech models that can generalize across languages, particularly for low-resource languages. Furthermore, examining the level of linguistic abstraction in speech models that lack symbolic supervision is also relevant to the field of human language acquisition (Dupoux, 2018).

@inproceedings{abdullah-etal-2023-nature,
title = {On the Nature of Discrete Speech Representations in Multilingual Self-supervised Models},
author = {Badr M. Abdullah and Mohammed Maqsood Shaik and Dietrich Klakow},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.sigtyp-1.20},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Research in Computational Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP},
pages = {159-161},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
abstract = {Self-supervision has emerged as an effective paradigm for learning representations of spoken language from raw audio without explicit labels or transcriptions. Self-supervised speech models, such as wav2vec 2.0 (Baevski et al., 2020) and HuBERT (Hsu et al., 2021), have shown significant promise in improving the performance across different speech processing tasks. One of the main advantages of self-supervised speech models is that they can be pre-trained on a large sample of languages (Conneau et al., 2020; Babu et al.,2022), which facilitates cross-lingual transfer for low-resource languages (San et al., 2021). State-of-the-art self-supervised speech models include a quantization module that transforms the continuous acoustic input into a sequence of discrete units. One of the key questions in this area is whether the discrete representations learned via self-supervision are language-specific or language-universal. In other words, we ask: do the discrete units learned by a multilingual speech model represent the same speech sounds across languages or do they differ based on the specific language being spoken? From the practical perspective, this question has important implications for the development of speech models that can generalize across languages, particularly for low-resource languages. Furthermore, examining the level of linguistic abstraction in speech models that lack symbolic supervision is also relevant to the field of human language acquisition (Dupoux, 2018).},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Project:   C4

Steuer, Julius; Abdullah, Badr M.; List, Johann-Mattis; Klakow, Dietrich

Information-Theoretic Characterization of Vowel Harmony: A Cross-Linguistic Study on Word Lists Inproceedings

Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Research in Computational Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 96-109, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2023.

We present a cross-linguistic study of vowel harmony that aims to quantifies this phenomenon using data-driven computational modeling. Concretely, we define an information-theoretic measure of harmonicity based on the predictability of vowels in a natural language lexicon, which we estimate using phoneme-level language models (PLMs). Prior quantitative studies have heavily relied on inflected word-forms in the analysis on vowel harmony. On the contrary, we train our models using cross-linguistically comparable lemma forms with little or no inflection, which enables us to cover more under-studied languages. Training data for our PLMs consists of word lists offering a maximum of 1000 entries per language. Despite the fact that the data we employ are substantially smaller than previously used corpora, our experiments demonstrate the neural PLMs capture vowel harmony patterns in a set of languages that exhibit this phenomenon. Our work also demonstrates that word lists are a valuable resource for typological research, and offers new possibilities for future studies on low-resource, under-studied languages.

@inproceedings{steuer-etal-2023-information,
title = {Information-Theoretic Characterization of Vowel Harmony: A Cross-Linguistic Study on Word Lists},
author = {Julius Steuer and Badr M. Abdullah and Johann-Mattis List and Dietrich Klakow},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.sigtyp-1.10},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Research in Computational Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP},
pages = {96-109},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
abstract = {We present a cross-linguistic study of vowel harmony that aims to quantifies this phenomenon using data-driven computational modeling. Concretely, we define an information-theoretic measure of harmonicity based on the predictability of vowels in a natural language lexicon, which we estimate using phoneme-level language models (PLMs). Prior quantitative studies have heavily relied on inflected word-forms in the analysis on vowel harmony. On the contrary, we train our models using cross-linguistically comparable lemma forms with little or no inflection, which enables us to cover more under-studied languages. Training data for our PLMs consists of word lists offering a maximum of 1000 entries per language. Despite the fact that the data we employ are substantially smaller than previously used corpora, our experiments demonstrate the neural PLMs capture vowel harmony patterns in a set of languages that exhibit this phenomenon. Our work also demonstrates that word lists are a valuable resource for typological research, and offers new possibilities for future studies on low-resource, under-studied languages.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Projects:   B4 C4

Aurnhammer, Christoph; Crocker, Matthew W.; Brouwer, Harm

Single-trial neurodynamics reveal N400 and P600 coupling in language comprehension Journal Article

Cognitive Neurodynamics, 2023, ISSN 1871-4099.

Theories of the electrophysiology of language comprehension are mostly informed by event-related potential effects observed between condition averages. We here argue that a dissociation between competing effect-level explanations of event-related potentials can be achieved by turning to predictions and analyses at the single-trial level. Specifically, we examine the single-trial dynamics in event-related potential data that exhibited a biphasic N400–P600 effect pattern. A group of multi-stream models can explain biphasic effects by positing that each individual trial should induce either an N400 increase or a P600 increase, but not both. An alternative, single-stream account, Retrieval-Integration theory, explicitly predicts that N400 amplitude and P600 amplitude should be correlated at the single-trial level. In order to investigate the single-trial dynamics of the N400 and the P600, we apply a regression-based technique in which we quantify the extent to which N400 amplitudes are predictive of the electroencephalogram in the P600 time window. Our findings suggest that, indeed, N400 amplitudes and P600 amplitudes are inversely correlated within-trial and, hence, the N400 effect and the P600 effect in biphasic data are driven by the same trials. Critically, we demonstrate that this finding also extends to data which exhibited only monophasic effects between conditions. In sum, the observation that the N400 is inversely correlated with the P600 on a by-trial basis supports a single stream view, such as Retrieval-Integration theory, and is difficult to reconcile with the processing mechanisms proposed by multi-stream models.

@article{aurnhammer2023singletrial,
title = {Single-trial neurodynamics reveal N400 and P600 coupling in language comprehension},
author = {Christoph Aurnhammer and Matthew W. Crocker and Harm Brouwer},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-023-09983-7},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-023-09983-7},
year = {2023},
date = {2023},
journal = {Cognitive Neurodynamics},
abstract = {Theories of the electrophysiology of language comprehension are mostly informed by event-related potential effects observed between condition averages. We here argue that a dissociation between competing effect-level explanations of event-related potentials can be achieved by turning to predictions and analyses at the single-trial level. Specifically, we examine the single-trial dynamics in event-related potential data that exhibited a biphasic N400–P600 effect pattern. A group of multi-stream models can explain biphasic effects by positing that each individual trial should induce either an N400 increase or a P600 increase, but not both. An alternative, single-stream account, Retrieval-Integration theory, explicitly predicts that N400 amplitude and P600 amplitude should be correlated at the single-trial level. In order to investigate the single-trial dynamics of the N400 and the P600, we apply a regression-based technique in which we quantify the extent to which N400 amplitudes are predictive of the electroencephalogram in the P600 time window. Our findings suggest that, indeed, N400 amplitudes and P600 amplitudes are inversely correlated within-trial and, hence, the N400 effect and the P600 effect in biphasic data are driven by the same trials. Critically, we demonstrate that this finding also extends to data which exhibited only monophasic effects between conditions. In sum, the observation that the N400 is inversely correlated with the P600 on a by-trial basis supports a single stream view, such as Retrieval-Integration theory, and is difficult to reconcile with the processing mechanisms proposed by multi-stream models.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Project:   A1

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