Publications

@inproceedings{Sekicki2018,
title = {Visual cues and the graded reduction of referential uncertainty},
author = {Maria Staudte andMirjana Sekicki},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-17},
booktitle = {24th Annual Conference on Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP)},
address = {Berlin},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Referential gaze has been shown to benefit language processing in situated communication in terms of shifting visual attention and leading to shorter reaction times on subsequent tasks. The present study simultaneously assessed both visual attention and, importantly, the immediate cognitive load induced at different stages of sentence processing.

We aimed to examine the dynamics of combining visual and linguistic information in creating anticipation for a specific object and the effect this has on language processing. We report evidence from three visual‐world eye‐tracking experiments, showing that referential gaze leads to a shift in visual attention toward the cued object, which consequently lowers the effort required for processing the linguistic reference.

Importantly, perceiving and following the gaze cue did not prove costly in terms of cognitive effort, unless the cued object did not fit the verb selectional preferences.

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585668/
• https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12682

@article{Sekicki2018c,
title = {Eye’ll help you out! How the gaze cue reduces the cognitive load required for reference processing},
author = {Maria Staudte andMirjana Sekicki},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585668/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12682},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-17},
journal = {Cognitive science},
pages = {2418-2458},
volume = {42},
number = {8},
abstract = {Referential gaze has been shown to benefit language processing in situated communication in terms of shifting visual attention and leading to shorter reaction times on subsequent tasks. The present study simultaneously assessed both visual attention and, importantly, the immediate cognitive load induced at different stages of sentence processing. We aimed to examine the dynamics of combining visual and linguistic information in creating anticipation for a specific object and the effect this has on language processing. We report evidence from three visual‐world eye‐tracking experiments, showing that referential gaze leads to a shift in visual attention toward the cued object, which consequently lowers the effort required for processing the linguistic reference. Importantly, perceiving and following the gaze cue did not prove costly in terms of cognitive effort, unless the cued object did not fit the verb selectional preferences.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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Speakers tend to fixate objects they are about to mention, while listeners inspect those objects that they believe to be intended referents of the speaker. These production- and comprehension-contingent gaze behaviors may form an integral part of the signal itself, making it inherently reciprocal.

Here, we present work that has investigated the interplay of gaze and language and assessed the role of speaker gaze for language comprehension as well as the utility of listener gaze for an instruction giver. Both lines of research make use of artificial interaction partners which increases experimental control while maintaining a dynamic interactive setting. Thus, the reciprocal nature of situated dialogue becomes a tractable aspect in the enterprise of dealing with human (gaze) behavior.

• https://benjamins.com/catalog/ais.10.05sta
• https://doi.org/10.1075/ais.10.05sta

@incollection{Staudte2018,
title = {On the role of gaze for successful and efficient communication},
author = {Maria Staudte and Matthew W. Crocker},
url = {https://benjamins.com/catalog/ais.10.05sta},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1075/ais.10.05sta},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-17},
booktitle = {Eye-tracking in Interaction: Studies on the role of eye gaze in dialogue},
publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
abstract = {Speakers tend to fixate objects they are about to mention, while listeners inspect those objects that they believe to be intended referents of the speaker. These production- and comprehension-contingent gaze behaviors may form an integral part of the signal itself, making it inherently reciprocal. Here, we present work that has investigated the interplay of gaze and language and assessed the role of speaker gaze for language comprehension as well as the utility of listener gaze for an instruction giver. Both lines of research make use of artificial interaction partners which increases experimental control while maintaining a dynamic interactive setting. Thus, the reciprocal nature of situated dialogue becomes a tractable aspect in the enterprise of dealing with human (gaze) behavior.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {incollection}
}

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A word’s predictability or surprisal, as determined by cloze probabilities or language models (Frank, 2013) is related to processing effort, in that less expected words take more effort to process (Hale, 2001; Lau et al., 2013).

A word’s surprisal, however, may also be influenced by the non-linguistic context, such as visual cues: In the visual world paradigm (VWP), anticipatory eye movements suggest that listeners exploit the scene to predict what will be mentioned next (Altmann and Kamide, 1999). How visual context affects surprisal and processing effort, however, remains unclear.

Here, we present a series of four studies providing evidence on how visually-determined probabilistic expectations for a spoken target word, as indicated by anticipatory eye movements, predict graded processing effort for that word, as assessed by a pupillometric measure (the Index of Cognitive Activity, ICA). These findings are a clear and robust demonstration that the non-linguistic context can immediately influence both lexical expectations, and surprisal-based processing effort.

• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02387/full
• https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02387

@article{Ankener2018b,
title = {The Influence of Visual Uncertainty on Word Surprisal and Processing Effort},
author = {Maria Staudte andMirjana Sekicki and Christine Ankener},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02387/full},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02387},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-17},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
pages = {2387},
volume = {9},
abstract = {A word’s predictability or surprisal, as determined by cloze probabilities or language models (Frank, 2013) is related to processing effort, in that less expected words take more effort to process (Hale, 2001; Lau et al., 2013). A word’s surprisal, however, may also be influenced by the non-linguistic context, such as visual cues: In the visual world paradigm (VWP), anticipatory eye movements suggest that listeners exploit the scene to predict what will be mentioned next (Altmann and Kamide, 1999). How visual context affects surprisal and processing effort, however, remains unclear. Here, we present a series of four studies providing evidence on how visually-determined probabilistic expectations for a spoken target word, as indicated by anticipatory eye movements, predict graded processing effort for that word, as assessed by a pupillometric measure (the Index of Cognitive Activity, ICA). These findings are a clear and robust demonstration that the non-linguistic context can immediately influence both lexical expectations, and surprisal-based processing effort.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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• https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02276
• https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02276

@article{Vogels2018,
title = {The index of cognitive activity as a measure of cognitive processing load in dual task settings},
author = {Jorrig Vogels and Vera Demberg and Jutta Kray},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02276},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02276},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychololgy},
pages = {2276},
volume = {9},
abstract = {

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• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30550333/
• https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000316

@article{Häuser2018,
title = {Surprisal modulates dual-task performance in older adults: Pupillometry shows age-related trade-offs in task performance and time-course of language processing},
author = {Katja H{\"a}user and Vera Demberg and Jutta Kray},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30550333/},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000316},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-17},
journal = {Psychology and Aging},
pages = {1168-1180},
volume = {33},
number = {8},
abstract = {

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Developing conventional natural language generation systems requires extensive attention from human experts in order to craft complex sets of sentence planning rules. We propose a Bayesian nonparametric approach to learn sentence planning rules by inducing synchronous tree substitution grammars for pairs of text plans and morphosyntactically-specified dependency trees. Our system is able to learn rules which can be used to generate novel texts after training on small datasets.

• https://aclanthology.org/W18-6546
• https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-6546

@inproceedings{Howcroft2018,
title = {Toward Bayesian Synchronous Tree Substitution Grammars for Sentence Planning},
author = {David M. Howcroft and Dietrich Klakow and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/W18-6546},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-6546},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Natural Language Generation},
pages = {391-396},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Tilburg, The Netherlands},
abstract = {Developing conventional natural language generation systems requires extensive attention from human experts in order to craft complex sets of sentence planning rules. We propose a Bayesian nonparametric approach to learn sentence planning rules by inducing synchronous tree substitution grammars for pairs of text plans and morphosyntactically-specified dependency trees. Our system is able to learn rules which can be used to generate novel texts after training on small datasets.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Human world knowledge contains information about prototypical events and their participants and locations. In this paper, we train the first models using multi-task learning that can both predict missing event participants and also perform semantic role classification based on semantic plausibility. Our best-performing model is an improvement over the previous state-of-the-art on thematic fit modelling tasks. The event embeddings learned by the model can additionally be used effectively in an event similarity task, also outperforming the state-of-the-art.

• https://aclanthology.org/S18-2002
• https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S18-2002

@inproceedings{Hong2018,
title = {Learning Distributed Event Representations with a Multi-Task Approach},
author = {Xudong Hong and Asad Sayeed and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/S18-2002},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S18-2002},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics},
pages = {11-21},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {New Orleans, USA},
abstract = {Human world knowledge contains information about prototypical events and their participants and locations. In this paper, we train the first models using multi-task learning that can both predict missing event participants and also perform semantic role classification based on semantic plausibility. Our best-performing model is an improvement over the previous state-of-the-art on thematic fit modelling tasks. The event embeddings learned by the model can additionally be used effectively in an event similarity task, also outperforming the state-of-the-art.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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Commonsense knowledge as provided by scripts is crucially relevant for text understanding systems, providing a basis for commonsense inference. This paper considers a relevant subtask of script-based text understanding, the task of mapping event mentions in a text to script events. We focus on script representations where events are associated with paraphrase sets, i.e. sets of crowdsourced event descriptions. We provide a detailed annotation of event mention/description pairs with textual entailment types. We demonstrate that representing events in terms of paraphrase sets can massively improve the performance of text-to-script mapping systems. However, for a residual substantial fraction of cases, deeper inference is still required.

• https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-Texts-to-Scripts%3A-An-Entailment-Study-Ostermann-Seitz/7970ec54afb3d78d9f061a38db27d0bd19e215d5

@inproceedings{MCScriptb,
title = {Mapping Text to Scripts: An Entailment Study},
author = {Simon Ostermann and Hannah Seitz and Stefan Thater and Manfred Pinkal},
url = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mapping-Texts-to-Scripts%3A-An-Entailment-Study-Ostermann-Seitz/7970ec54afb3d78d9f061a38db27d0bd19e215d5},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)},
address = {Miyazaki, Japan},
abstract = {Commonsense knowledge as provided by scripts is crucially relevant for text understanding systems, providing a basis for commonsense inference. This paper considers a relevant subtask of script-based text understanding, the task of mapping event mentions in a text to script events. We focus on script representations where events are associated with paraphrase sets, i.e. sets of crowdsourced event descriptions. We provide a detailed annotation of event mention/description pairs with textual entailment types. We demonstrate that representing events in terms of paraphrase sets can massively improve the performance of text-to-script mapping systems. However, for a residual substantial fraction of cases, deeper inference is still required.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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We introduce a large dataset of narrative texts and questions about these texts, intended to be used in a machine comprehension task that requires reasoning using commonsense knowledge. Our dataset complements similar datasets in that we focus on stories about everyday activities, such as going to the movies or working in the garden, and that the questions require commonsense knowledge, or more specifically, script knowledge, to be answered. We show that our mode of data collection via crowdsourcing results in a substantial amount of such inference questions. The dataset forms the basis of a shared task on commonsense and script knowledge organized at SemEval 2018 and provides challenging test cases for the broader natural language understanding community

• https://aclanthology.org/L18-1564"

@inproceedings{MCScript,
title = {MCScript: A Novel Dataset for Assessing Machine Comprehension Using Script Knowledge},
author = {Michael Roth and Stefan Thater andSimon Ostermann and Ashutosh Modi and Manfred Pinkal},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/L18-1564"},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
address = {Miyazaki, Japan},
abstract = {We introduce a large dataset of narrative texts and questions about these texts, intended to be used in a machine comprehension task that requires reasoning using commonsense knowledge. Our dataset complements similar datasets in that we focus on stories about everyday activities, such as going to the movies or working in the garden, and that the questions require commonsense knowledge, or more specifically, script knowledge, to be answered. We show that our mode of data collection via crowdsourcing results in a substantial amount of such inference questions. The dataset forms the basis of a shared task on commonsense and script knowledge organized at SemEval 2018 and provides challenging test cases for the broader natural language understanding community},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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This report summarizes the results of the SemEval 2018 task on machine comprehension using commonsense knowledge. For this machine comprehension task, we created a new corpus, MCScript. It contains a high number of questions that require commonsense knowledge for finding the correct answer. 11 teams from 4 different countries participated in this shared task, most of them used neural approaches. The best performing system achieves an accuracy of 83.95%, outperforming the baselines by a large margin, but still far from the human upper bound, which was found to be at 98%.

• https://aclanthology.org/S18-1119
• https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S18-1119

@inproceedings{SemEval2018Task11,
title = {SemEval-2018 Task 11: Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge},
author = {Michael Roth and Stefan Thater andSimon Ostermann and Ashutosh Modi and Manfred Pinkal},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/S18-1119},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/S18-1119},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
pages = {747-757},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {New Orleans, Louisiana},
abstract = {This report summarizes the results of the SemEval 2018 task on machine comprehension using commonsense knowledge. For this machine comprehension task, we created a new corpus, MCScript. It contains a high number of questions that require commonsense knowledge for finding the correct answer. 11 teams from 4 different countries participated in this shared task, most of them used neural approaches. The best performing system achieves an accuracy of 83.95%, outperforming the baselines by a large margin, but still far from the human upper bound, which was found to be at 98%.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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When reading a text describing an everyday activity, comprehenders build a model of the situation described that includes prior knowledge of the entities, locations, and sequences of actions that typically occur within the event. Previous work has demonstrated that such knowledge guides the processing of incoming information by making event boundaries more or less expected.

In the present ERP study, we investigated whether comprehenders’ expectations about event boundaries are influenced by how elaborately common events are described in the context. Participants read short stories in which a common activity (e.g., washing the dishes) was described either in brief or in an elaborate manner. The final sentence contained a target word referring to a more predictable action marking a fine event boundary (e.g., drying) or a less predictable action, marking a coarse event boundary (e.g., jogging). The results revealed a larger N400 effect for coarse event boundaries compared to fine event boundaries, but no interaction with description length. Between 600 and 1000 ms, however, elaborate contexts elicited a larger frontal positivity compared to brief contexts.

This effect was largely driven by less predictable targets, marking coarse event boundaries. We interpret the P600 effect as indexing the updating of the situation model at event boundaries, consistent with Event Segmentation Theory (EST). The updating process is more demanding with coarse event boundaries, which presumably require the construction of a new situation model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.3758/s13421-017-0766-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• On-the-predictability-of-event-boundaries-in-discourse     (0.73MB)
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321175597_On_the_predictability_of_event_boundaries_in_discourse_An_ERP_investigation
• https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0766-4

@article{Delogu2018,
title = {On the predictability of event-boundaries in discourse: an ERP investigation},
author = {Francesca Delogu and Heiner Drenhaus and Matthew W. Crocker},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321175597_On_the_predictability_of_event_boundaries_in_discourse_An_ERP_investigation},
doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0766-4},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
journal = {Memory and Cognition},
pages = {315-325},
volume = {46},
number = {2},
abstract = {When reading a text describing an everyday activity, comprehenders build a model of the situation described that includes prior knowledge of the entities, locations, and sequences of actions that typically occur within the event. Previous work has demonstrated that such knowledge guides the processing of incoming information by making event boundaries more or less expected. In the present ERP study, we investigated whether comprehenders’ expectations about event boundaries are influenced by how elaborately common events are described in the context. Participants read short stories in which a common activity (e.g., washing the dishes) was described either in brief or in an elaborate manner. The final sentence contained a target word referring to a more predictable action marking a fine event boundary (e.g., drying) or a less predictable action, marking a coarse event boundary (e.g., jogging). The results revealed a larger N400 effect for coarse event boundaries compared to fine event boundaries, but no interaction with description length. Between 600 and 1000 ms, however, elaborate contexts elicited a larger frontal positivity compared to brief contexts. This effect was largely driven by less predictable targets, marking coarse event boundaries. We interpret the P600 effect as indexing the updating of the situation model at event boundaries, consistent with Event Segmentation Theory (EST). The updating process is more demanding with coarse event boundaries, which presumably require the construction of a new situation model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.3758/s13421-017-0766-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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A word’s predictability or surprisal, as determined by cloze probabilities or language models (e.g. Frank, Otten, Galli, & Vigliocco, 2015) is related to processing effort, in that less expected words take more effort to process (e.g. Hale, 2001). A words surprisal, however, may also be influenced by the non-linguistic context, such as visual cues: In the visual world paradigm (VWP), for example, anticipatory eye movements suggest that comprehenders exploit the scene to predict what will be mentioned next (Altmann & Kamide, 1999).

How visual context affects word surprisal and processing effort, however, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that visually-determined probabilistic expectations for a spoken target word predict graded processing effort for that word, in both pupillometric (ICA) and ERP (N400) measures. These findings demonstrate that the non-linguistic context can immediately influence both lexical expectations, and surprisal-based processing effort.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325644935_Multimodal_Surprisal_in_the_N400_and_the_Index_of_Cognitive_Activity

@inproceedings{Ankener2018,
title = {Multimodal Surprisal in the N400 and the Index of Cognitive Activity},
author = {Christine Ankener and Heiner Drenhaus and Matthew W. Crocker and Maria Staudte},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325644935_Multimodal_Surprisal_in_the_N400_and_the_Index_of_Cognitive_Activity},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Cognitive Science Society Meeting},
pages = {94-100},
publisher = {The Cognitive Science Society},
address = {Madison, Wisconsin},
abstract = {A word’s predictability or surprisal, as determined by cloze probabilities or language models (e.g. Frank, Otten, Galli, & Vigliocco, 2015) is related to processing effort, in that less expected words take more effort to process (e.g. Hale, 2001). A words surprisal, however, may also be influenced by the non-linguistic context, such as visual cues: In the visual world paradigm (VWP), for example, anticipatory eye movements suggest that comprehenders exploit the scene to predict what will be mentioned next (Altmann & Kamide, 1999). How visual context affects word surprisal and processing effort, however, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that visually-determined probabilistic expectations for a spoken target word predict graded processing effort for that word, in both pupillometric (ICA) and ERP (N400) measures. These findings demonstrate that the non-linguistic context can immediately influence both lexical expectations, and surprisal-based processing effort.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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This paper presents a study on mutual speech variation influences in a human-computer setting. The study highlights behavioral patterns in data collected as part of a shadowing experiment, and is performed using a novel end-to-end platform for studying phonetic variation in dialogue. It includes a spoken dialogue system capable of detecting and tracking the state of phonetic features in the user’s speech and adapting accordingly. It provides visual and numeric representations of the changes in real time, offering a high degree of customization, and can be used for simulating or reproducing speech variation scenarios. The replicated experiment presented in this paper along with the analysis of the relationship between the human and non-human interlocutors lays the groundwork for a spoken dialogue system with personalized speaking style, which we expect will improve the naturalness and efficiency of human-computer interaction.

• https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.04945

@inproceedings{Raveh2018SPECOM,
title = {Studying Mutual Phonetic Influence With a Web-Based Spoken Dialogue System},
author = {Eran Raveh and Ingmar Steiner and Iona Gessinger and Bernd M{\"o}bius},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.04945},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {20th International Conference on Speech and Computer (SPECOM)},
address = {Leipzig, Germany},
abstract = {This paper presents a study on mutual speech variation influences in a human-computer setting. The study highlights behavioral patterns in data collected as part of a shadowing experiment, and is performed using a novel end-to-end platform for studying phonetic variation in dialogue. It includes a spoken dialogue system capable of detecting and tracking the state of phonetic features in the user's speech and adapting accordingly. It provides visual and numeric representations of the changes in real time, offering a high degree of customization, and can be used for simulating or reproducing speech variation scenarios. The replicated experiment presented in this paper along with the analysis of the relationship between the human and non-human interlocutors lays the groundwork for a spoken dialogue system with personalized speaking style, which we expect will improve the naturalness and efficiency of human-computer interaction.

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This paper discusses phonetic accommodation of 20 native German speakers interacting with the simulated spoken dialogue system Mirabella in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment. The study examines intonation of wh-questions and pronunciation of allophonic contrasts in German. In a question-and-answer exchange with the system, the users produce predominantly falling intonation patterns for wh-questions when the system does so as well. The number of rising patterns on the part of the users increases significantly when Mirabella produces questions with rising intonation. In a map task, Mirabella provides information about hidden items while producing variants of two allophonic contrasts which are dispreferred by the users. For the [Iç] vs. [Ik] contrast in the suffix h-igi, the number of dispreferred variants on the part of the users increases significantly during the map task. For the [E:] vs. [e:] contrast as a realization of stressed h-a-¨ i, such a convergence effect is not found on the group level, yet still occurs for some individual users. Almost every user converges to the system to a substantial degree for a subset of the examined features, but we also find maintenance of preferred variants and even occasional divergence. This individual variation is in line with previous findings in accommodation research.

• gessinger_etal_is2019     (0.27MB)
• https://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~moebius/documents/gessinger_etal_is2019.pdf

@inproceedings{Gessinger2018PuP,
title = {Phonetic Accommodation in HCI: Introducing a Wizard-of-Oz Experiment},
author = {Iona Gessinger and Eran Raveh and Bernd M{\"o}bius and Ingmar Steiner},
url = {https://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~moebius/documents/gessinger_etal_is2019.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-06},
booktitle = {Phonetik & Phonologie 14},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {This paper discusses phonetic accommodation of 20 native German speakers interacting with the simulated spoken dialogue system Mirabella in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment. The study examines intonation of wh-questions and pronunciation of allophonic contrasts in German. In a question-and-answer exchange with the system, the users produce predominantly falling intonation patterns for wh-questions when the system does so as well. The number of rising patterns on the part of the users increases significantly when Mirabella produces questions with rising intonation. In a map task, Mirabella provides information about hidden items while producing variants of two allophonic contrasts which are dispreferred by the users. For the [Iç] vs. [Ik] contrast in the suffix h-igi, the number of dispreferred variants on the part of the users increases significantly during the map task. For the [E:] vs. [e:] contrast as a realization of stressed h-a-¨ i, such a convergence effect is not found on the group level, yet still occurs for some individual users. Almost every user converges to the system to a substantial degree for a subset of the examined features, but we also find maintenance of preferred variants and even occasional divergence. This individual variation is in line with previous findings in accommodation research.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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• https://www.mpi.nl/publications/item3310165/referential-entropy-influences-production-overspecifications

@miscellaneous{Tourtourietal2018b,
title = {Referential entropy influences the production of overspecifications},
author = {Elli Tourtouri and Les Sikos and Matthew W. Crocker},
url = {https://www.mpi.nl/publications/item3310165/referential-entropy-influences-production-overspecifications},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {10th Dubrovnik Conference on Cognitive Science, Communication, Pragmatics, and Theory of Mind (DuCog)},
publisher = {University of Zagreb},
address = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
pubstate = {published},
type = {miscellaneous}
}

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Contextual predictability variation affects phonological and phonetic structure. Reduction and expansion of acoustic-phonetic features is also characteristic of prosodic variability. In this study, we assess the impact of surprisal and prosodic structure on phonetic encoding, both independently of each other and in interaction. We model segmental duration, vowel space size and spectral characteristics of vowels and consonants as a function of surprisal as well as of syllable prominence, phrase boundary, and speech rate. Correlates of phonetic encoding density are extracted from a subset of the BonnTempo corpus for six languages: American English, Czech, Finnish, French, German, and Polish. Surprisal is estimated from segmental n-gram language models trained on large text corpora. Our findings are generally compatible with a weak version of Aylett and Turk’s Smooth Signal Redundancy hypothesis, suggesting that prosodic structure mediates between the requirements of efficient communication and the speech signal. However, this mediation is not perfect, as we found evidence for additional, direct effects of changes in surprisal on the phonetic structure of utterances. These effects appear to be stable across different speech rates.

• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00025/full
• https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00025

@article{Malisz2018,
title = {Dimensions of segmental variability: interaction of prosody and surprisal in six languages},
author = {Zofia Malisz and Erika Brandt and Bernd M{\"o}bius and Yoon Mi Oh and Bistra Andreeva},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00025/full},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2018.00025},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-07-20},
journal = {Frontiers in Communication / Language Sciences},
pages = {1-18},
volume = {3},
number = {25},
abstract = {Contextual predictability variation affects phonological and phonetic structure. Reduction and expansion of acoustic-phonetic features is also characteristic of prosodic variability. In this study, we assess the impact of surprisal and prosodic structure on phonetic encoding, both independently of each other and in interaction. We model segmental duration, vowel space size and spectral characteristics of vowels and consonants as a function of surprisal as well as of syllable prominence, phrase boundary, and speech rate. Correlates of phonetic encoding density are extracted from a subset of the BonnTempo corpus for six languages: American English, Czech, Finnish, French, German, and Polish. Surprisal is estimated from segmental n-gram language models trained on large text corpora. Our findings are generally compatible with a weak version of Aylett and Turk's Smooth Signal Redundancy hypothesis, suggesting that prosodic structure mediates between the requirements of efficient communication and the speech signal. However, this mediation is not perfect, as we found evidence for additional, direct effects of changes in surprisal on the phonetic structure of utterances. These effects appear to be stable across different speech rates.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {article}
}

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As technology and science permeate nearly all areas of life in modern times, there is a certain trend for standard dictionaries to bolster their technical and scientific vocabulary and to identify more components, for instance more combining forms, in technical terms and terminological phrases. In this paper it is argued that recently built diachronic corpora of scientific journal articles with robust linguistic and metadata-based features are important resources for complementing English corpus-based dictionaries and lexicographical resources for specialized languages. The Royal Society Corpus (RSC, ca. 9,800 digitized texts, 32 million tokens) in combination with the Scientific Text Corpus (SciTex, ca. 5,000 documents, 39 million tokens), as two recently created corpus resources, offer the possibility to provide a fuller picture of the development of specialized vocabulary and of the number of meanings that general and technical terms have accumulated during their history. They facilitate the systematic identification of lexemes with specific linguistic characteristics or from selected disciplines and fields, and allow us to gain a better understanding of the development of academic writing in English scientific periodicals across several centuries, from their beginnings to the present day.

• https://euralex.org/publications/using-diachronic-corpora-of-scientific-journal-articles-for-complementing-english-corpus-based-dictionaries-and-lexicographical-resources-for-specialized-languages/

@inproceedings{Menzel2017b,
title = {Using diachronic corpora of scientific journal articles for complementing English corpus-based dictionaries and lexicographical resources for specialized languages},
author = {Katrin Menzel},
url = {https://euralex.org/publications/using-diachronic-corpora-of-scientific-journal-articles-for-complementing-english-corpus-based-dictionaries-and-lexicographical-resources-for-specialized-languages/},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of EURALEX2018},
isbn = {978-961-06-0097-8},
publisher = {Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts},
address = {Ljubljana, Slovenia},
abstract = {As technology and science permeate nearly all areas of life in modern times, there is a certain trend for standard dictionaries to bolster their technical and scientific vocabulary and to identify more components, for instance more combining forms, in technical terms and terminological phrases. In this paper it is argued that recently built diachronic corpora of scientific journal articles with robust linguistic and metadata-based features are important resources for complementing English corpus-based dictionaries and lexicographical resources for specialized languages. The Royal Society Corpus (RSC, ca. 9,800 digitized texts, 32 million tokens) in combination with the Scientific Text Corpus (SciTex, ca. 5,000 documents, 39 million tokens), as two recently created corpus resources, offer the possibility to provide a fuller picture of the development of specialized vocabulary and of the number of meanings that general and technical terms have accumulated during their history. They facilitate the systematic identification of lexemes with specific linguistic characteristics or from selected disciplines and fields, and allow us to gain a better understanding of the development of academic writing in English scientific periodicals across several centuries, from their beginnings to the present day.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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A number of different discourse connectives can be used to mark the same discourse relation, but it is unclear what factors affect connective choice. One recent account is the Rational Speech Acts theory, which predicts that speakers try to maximize the informativeness of an utterance such that the listener can interpret the intended meaning correctly. Existing prior work uses referential language games to test the rational account of speakers{‚} production of concrete meanings, such as identification of objects within a picture. Building on the same paradigm, we design a novel Discourse Continuation Game to investigate speakers{‚} production of abstract discourse relations. Experimental results reveal that speakers significantly prefer a more informative connective, in line with predictions of the RSA model.

• https://aclanthology.org/W18-2802
• https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-2802

@inproceedings{Yung2019b,
title = {Do speakers produce discourse connectives rationally?},
author = {Frances Pik Yu Yung and Vera Demberg},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/W18-2802},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W18-2802},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning and Processing},
pages = {6-16},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
abstract = {A number of different discourse connectives can be used to mark the same discourse relation, but it is unclear what factors affect connective choice. One recent account is the Rational Speech Acts theory, which predicts that speakers try to maximize the informativeness of an utterance such that the listener can interpret the intended meaning correctly. Existing prior work uses referential language games to test the rational account of speakers{'} production of concrete meanings, such as identification of objects within a picture. Building on the same paradigm, we design a novel Discourse Continuation Game to investigate speakers{'} production of abstract discourse relations. Experimental results reveal that speakers significantly prefer a more informative connective, in line with predictions of the RSA model.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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In the present study, a corpus of short German sentences collected in a shadowing task was examined with respect to pitch accent realization. The pitch accents were parameterized with the PaIntE model, which describes the f0 contour of intonation events concerning their height, slope, and temporal alignment. Convergence was quantified as decrease in Euclidean distance, and hence increase in similarity, between the PaIntE parameter vectors. This was assessed for three stimulus types: natural speech, diphone based speech synthesis, or HMM based speech synthesis. The factors tested in the analysis were experimental phase – was the sentence uttered before or while shadowing the model, accent type – a distinction was made between prenuclear and nuclear pitch accents, and sex of speaker and shadowed model. For the natural and HMM stimuli, Euclidean distance decreased in the shadowing task. This convergence effect did not depend on the accent type. However, prenuclear pitch accents showed generally lower values in Euclidean distance than nuclear pitch accents. Whether the sex of the speaker and the shadowed model matched did not explain any variance in the data. For the diphone stimuli, no convergence of pitch accents was observed.

• https://publikationen.sulb.uni-saarland.de/handle/20.500.11880/29618
• https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-46

@inproceedings{Gessinger2018SP,
title = {Convergence of Pitch Accents in a Shadowing Task},
author = {Iona Gessinger and Antje Schweitzer and Bistra Andreeva and Eran Raveh and Bernd M{\"o}bius and Ingmar Steiner},
url = {https://publikationen.sulb.uni-saarland.de/handle/20.500.11880/29618},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-46},
year = {2018},
date = {2018},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody},
pages = {225-229},
publisher = {Speech Prosody Special Interest Group},
address = {Pozn{\'a}n, Poland},
abstract = {In the present study, a corpus of short German sentences collected in a shadowing task was examined with respect to pitch accent realization. The pitch accents were parameterized with the PaIntE model, which describes the f0 contour of intonation events concerning their height, slope, and temporal alignment. Convergence was quantified as decrease in Euclidean distance, and hence increase in similarity, between the PaIntE parameter vectors. This was assessed for three stimulus types: natural speech, diphone based speech synthesis, or HMM based speech synthesis. The factors tested in the analysis were experimental phase - was the sentence uttered before or while shadowing the model, accent type - a distinction was made between prenuclear and nuclear pitch accents, and sex of speaker and shadowed model. For the natural and HMM stimuli, Euclidean distance decreased in the shadowing task. This convergence effect did not depend on the accent type. However, prenuclear pitch accents showed generally lower values in Euclidean distance than nuclear pitch accents. Whether the sex of the speaker and the shadowed model matched did not explain any variance in the data. For the diphone stimuli, no convergence of pitch accents was observed.},
pubstate = {published},
type = {inproceedings}
}

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